ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. In the preceding Volume four propositions have been established The truth of which may be further verified by studying the history 2-8 9-13 13-18 18-19 19-25 In Spain, superstition is encouraged by physical phenomena It was also encouraged by the great Arian war with France And, subsequently, by the war with the Mohammedans These three causes influenced the policy of Ferdinand and Isabella Continuation of the same policy by Charles V. and by Philip II. Philip II., notwithstanding his repulsive qualities, was loved by the Their affection for him was the result of general causes, which, during several centuries, have made the Spaniards the most loyal Origin of Spanish loyalty, and evidence of it Loyalty became united with superstition, and each strengthened the In consequence of this union, great foreign conquests were made, The progress of England, on the other hand, depends upon the In Spain, the ruling classes were supreme; the people counted for nothing; and hence the grandeur of the country, which was raised up by the able princes of the sixteenth century, was as quickly pulled down by the weak princes of the seven- 38-43 Effect of this expulsion in impoverishing Spain 65-66 In 1700, when affairs were at their worst, the Austrian dynasty 78-79 But the authority of the Church had so enfeebled the national All this was promoted by the authority and high character of But it was of no avail; because politicians can do nothing, when Still, Charles III. effected great improvements, from which, on a superficial view, permanent benefit might have been expected. 116-128 Summary of what was accomplished for Spain, by the govern- For the reasons already stated, their efforts were fruitless, not- 128-130 130-131 131-133 Those general causes predetermined the country to superstition, and it was impossible for individuals to make head against Nothing can weaken superstition but knowledge PAGE 138-142 142-144 Such failures are the more observable, because Spain enjoys im- And has possessed great patriots and great legislators The Spaniards have, moreover, long been celebrated for honour, courage, temperance, humanity, and religious sincerity. 145-146 So far, however, as national progress is concerned, these noble qualities are useless, while ignorance is so gross and so general 146-151 This it is, which, isolating Spain from the rest of the civilized 151-155 Scotland and Spain are very dissimilar in regard to loyalty. 158-160 But are very similar in regard to superstition The Scotch unite liberality in politics with illiberality in religion. This is the largest and most important fact in their history; and the rest of the volume will be occupied in investigating its The injuries which these invasions inflicted upon Scotland stopped the growth of towns, and thereby favoured the power of the The power of the nobles was still further favoured by the physical And by the weakness of the Crown Hence their authority had, before the close of the fourteenth cen- tury, become enormous. The Crown, completely overshadowed by them, could derive no aid from the citizens, because, owing to the circumstances just mentioned, there were no cities For, industry was impossible, and the commonest arts were un- The municipal element being thus imperfect, the only ally, which Hence, a coalition between the kings and the clergy against the 185-186 The clergy were the only body who could withstand the nobles. 188-196 Early in the fifteenth century, the alliance between the Crown and the Church against the nobles, became obvious James I. attacked the nobles, and favoured the Church; hoping 197 The Crown, in its efforts against the nobles, was encouraged by the clergy; and before the middle of the fifteenth century, the Church and the aristocracy were completely estranged from James III., like James II. and James I., allied himself with the Their power, however, was too deeply rooted to be shaken; and, 204-205 Active measures of the government against the nobles . In 1528, James V. escaped; the Crown and the Church regained |