agreements and differences. Thus a circumstance of yesterday, in place of recalling other circumstances of yesterday that immediately preceded or followed it, would recall various circumstances of a similar nature that happened probably at very different times. It is of the utmost importance to us, in forming our judgment of things or in determining upon a particular line of conduct, to be able to bring together before the mind a number of instances of the same or a like kind, recent or long past, which may aid us in coming to a right determination. In the former kind of me the associative principle at work is contiguity,

it is similarity.

When this higher form of memory, which we may call the "rational," comes to more and more characterise the mind, the lower form becomes less strong or marked, and hence men of talent and culture are frequently said to have bad memories, the fact being that they have simply passed from a lower form of it to a higher. The commonplace incidents of the day take little hold on them, because their minds are actuated by a higher principle,-association by similarity taking the place of that by mere contiguity. "The trivial occurrences of the day," says Dugald Stewart, "in general escape the recollection of a man of ability, not because he is unable to retain them, but because he does not attend to them." The strength of this kind of memory, when we think of how much contains, to say nothing of the greater value and utility of its contents, vastly surpasses the other.1

1 "The great difference is that the wealth of the one is composed merely of those smaller pieces which are in continual request, and, therefore, brought more frequently to view, while the abundance of the other consists chiefly in those more precious coins which are rather deposited than carried about for current use, but which, when

The highest form of memory is that in which past ideas or sensations are, as it were, imaged forth as if they were objects of actual perception. This is what Sir W. Hamilton calls "the representative faculty," or "the power which the mind has of holding up vividly before itself the thoughts which, by the act of reproduction, it has called into consciousness".2 The term imagination is commonly employed to designate this : power, and it is usually regarded as a distinct faculty of ́· the mind, but we rather agree with those philosophers who consider it merely as a form or part of memory, there being no essential difference between them.1

brought forward, exhibit a magnificence of wealth to which the petty counters of the multitude are comparatively insignificant."-Dr. T Brown. "The man of genius commonly has his information much less at command than those who are possessed of an inferior degree of originality; and what is somewhat remarkable, he has it least of all at command on those subjects on which he has found his invention most fertile."-D. Stewart.

1 "It is not always the person who recollects most easily and correctly who can exhibit what he remembers in the most vivid colours."-Sir W. Hamilton.

2"The act of representation is merely the energy of the mind in holding up to its own contemplation what it is determined to represent."-Sir W. Hamilton.

8 "Imagination would be the term which, with the least violence to its meaning, could be accommodated to express the representative faculty."-Sir W. Hamilton.

4 "Memory Aristotle does not view as a faculty distinct from imagination, but simply as the recalling those impressions, those movements into consciousness, of which phantasy is the complement."-Sir W. Hamilton. "Memory pertains to that part of the soul to which also imagination pertains, and those things are essentially objects of memory which are objects of imagination."."—Aristotle. "Imagination is just a form of memory. In all our imaginings we are simply remembering--remembering not methodically but loosely-not according to old collocations and contiguities alone, but also according to the laws of resemblance and contrast. But still it is memory: memory furnishes the whole weft and woof for every web, however brilliant the colouring which imagination weaves."-Dr. J. Cunningham.

Philosophers usually distinguish two kinds of imagination-the reminiscent or reproductive, and the constructive, creative, or productive. By the former the objects are simply represented as they previously appeared, without any alteration or change. The latter, which is usually designated by imagination or fancy, is that in which past events are presented not as they previously happened, but in combination with other events belonging, it may be, to different periods.2 In the former we reproduce past sensations or ideas as they previously existed; in the latter we may take only certain of them and arrange them in a particular way, or we may take parts of one and parts of another and bring them together so as to form an image more beautiful perhaps than anything to be found in nature, yet the different parts of which it is composed have all been taken from nature, and been matter of actual experience. In memory too,

"Philosophers have divided imagination into two-what they call the reproductive and the productive. By the former they mean imagination considered as simply re-exhibiting, representing the objects presented by perception-that is, exhibiting them without addition or retrenchment, or any change in the relations which they reciprocally held when first made known to us through sense."-Sir W. Hamilton.

2 "The reproductive imagination is not a simple faculty. It comprises two processes: first, an act of representation strictly so called ; and secondly, an act of reproduction arbitrarily limited by certain contingent circumstances. The productive or creative imagination is that which is usually signified by the term imagination or fancy in ordinary language."-Sir W. Hamilton.

"What is imagination but memory presenting the objects of prior conceptions in groups or combinations which do not exist in nature."-Dr. Payne. "Fancy may combine things that never were combined in reality. It may enlarge or diminish, multiply or divide, compound and fashion the objects which nature presents; but it cannot by the utmost efforts of that creative power, which we ascribe to it, bring any one single ingredient into its production which nature has not framed and brought to our knowledge by some other

as in imagination, analysis and association are operations that are constantly going on, for it is necessary to analyse or reduce into parts, in order to fix clearly in the mind what we wish to remember, and we associate or bring together in the mind those ideas. or sensations that we wish to recall each other.1

Wherever we have this power of imagination, this representative faculty most highly developed, there we have the memory in its most perfect form. We have it, for instance, in him who can recall a past event so vividly that it seems as if it were again present to him; in him who, after reading a passage in a book, can recall the form and appearance of every word as if it were still before him; or in him who, after hearing a speech, can bring back again the very sounds of the words as it were in his ears.2 It is

"It is

faculty."-Dr. T. Reid. "The most brilliant imagination never yet produced anything which had not been seen, heard, or felt, as it were, piecemeal; the combination is new, but the material thus woven afresh is what all are acquainted with."-J. Barlow. admitted on all hands that imagination creates nothing, that it produces nothing new.”—Sir W. Hamilton. “All the creative power of the mind amounts to no more than the faculty of compounding, transposing, augmenting, or diminishing the materials afforded us by the senses and experience."-D. Hume.

"The congeries of phenomena called up by the reproductive faculty are separated into parts, are analysed into elements; and these parts and elements are again compounded in every various fashion. In all this the representative faculty co-operates."-Sir W

Hamilton.

2 "Some few persons see mentally in print every word that is uttered and they read them off usually as from a long imaginary strip of paper, such as is unwound from telegraphic instruments." -Francis Galton. A child, grand-daughter of Mr. Bidder, the distinguished mental calculator, remarked: "Isn't it strange? When I hear anything remarkable read or said to me, I think I see it in print." A brother of the calculator, a Unitarian minister, had an extraordinary memory for Biblical texts, and could give chapter and verse of almost any passage in the Bible, or, on getting chapter and verse, could repeat the passage. A writer in The Spectator, who

this power that enables the artist to carry in his mind the various minutiae of a scene, so that he can afterwards paint it from memory;1 the poet to be so filled with the beauty and fragrance of nature that he can afterwards describe it as if it were actually present;" the inventor to hold in his mind the various parts of his design, so that he can mark and calculate their several effects; the chess-player to note the series of results that will follow a particular move, or, most wonderful of all, to play a number of different games (sometimes as many as sixteen or twenty) at the same

3

mentions this, says that it probably "arose from a power of seeing in some visionary Bible the exact place and appearance of the text in question. Probably what he recalled was the aspect of the printed text, from which he mentally read off the words and the reference."

1 "Certain painters, draughtsmen, and sculptors, after attentively considering a figure, are able to draw it from memory. Gustave Doré has this faculty; Horace Vernet had it. In a school of arts at Paris the pupils were practised in copying models from memory. After four months' practice they said that the image had become much more distinct, and if it disappears they can recall it almost at will."-H. Taine. "Doré's memory of anything he had once seen was," we are told, "marvellous; and he seemed to work at night as if the scenes he had made note of during the day were still before his eyes." After once driving through Windsor Park "he knew every tree by heart that he had glanced at, and said that he could draw all from memory".-B. Roosevelt.

2 "The great writers whose vivid descriptions of scenery or events hold our attention and stir our feelings have this power in a high degree; they create for themselves a world of sense by the influence of ideas, and then strive to present vividly to us what they have thus represented to their own minds. . . . Goethe could call up an image at will and make it undergo various transformations as it were before his eyes."-Dr. H. Maudsley.

3 "A strong imagination, that is, the power of holding up any ideal object to the mind in clear and steady colours, is a faculty necessary to the poet and to the artist, but not to them alone. It is almost equally requisite for the successful cultivation of almost every scientific pursuit. The vigour and perfection of this faculty are seen not so much in the representation of individual objects and fragmentary sciences as in the representation of systems."-Sir W Hamilton.