INDUCTIVE LOGIC.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Show the steps by which Mill arrives at the Import of Real Propositions.

2. Explain Mill's attitude towards the Dictum de omni et nullo and the Nota notæ est etiam nota rei ipsius.

3. Define Induction. Consider whether the following processes are inductions:-Analogy, Colligation of Facts, Method of Difference, Method of Simple Enumeration.

4. "When the Greeks, after long observing the motions of the planets, saw that these motions might be rightly considered as produced by the motion of one wheel revolving in the inside of another wheel, these wheels were creations of their minds, added to the facts which they perceived by sense; and even if the wheels were no longer supposed to be material, but were reduced to mere geometrical spheres or circles, they were not the less products of the mind alonesomething additional to the facts observed."

Explain, from a logical point of view, the processes by which the theory of "material wheels" and the theory of "mere geometrical spheres or circles" were arrived at.

5. Consider why it is that a single instance, in some cases, is sufficient for a complete induction, while

in others myriads of concurring instances, without a single exception, go a very little way towards establishing a universal proposition.

6. Discuss the question whether an effect can be simultaneous with its cause.

7. "It hence appears, that if we throw the whole course of any inductive argument into a series of syllogisms, we shall arrive by more or fewer steps at an ultimate syllogism, which will have for its major premise the principle or axiom of the Uniformity of the course of Ñature.”

Consider this statement in connexion with a conclusion obtained by way of the Method of Difference.

8. In what cases does the verification of an hypothesis fulfil the conditions of a complete induction? Discuss the question.

MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.-(2ND YEAR.)

The Board of Examiners.

1. In Sully's account of mental development, what is included in the Internal Factor, and what in the External Factor? Add any comments.

2. Discriminate between the intensity and the quality of Sensations. Illustrate by sensations of musical sound and of colour.

3. Hearing a sound, I recognise that it proceeds from a bell. Analyse fully the perceptual process here.

4. Give examples of the facts to be explained by any theory of Association; and mention different theories which have been proposed.

5. State, generally, the grounds on which Kant holds that we possess a priori cognitions.

6. Explain the principle on which Kant divides his Categories into mathematical and dynamical.

7. Show the meaning and importance attached by Kant to the Schema in his Analytic of Judg

ments.

8. Examine the following statement:" Assuming then, that since these two great realities (Science and Religion) are constituents of the same mind, and respond to different aspects of the same Universe, there must be a fundamental harmony between them; we see good reason to conclude that the most abstract truth contained in Religion and the most abstract truth contained in science must be the one in which the two coalesce.

9. Consider the grounds on which Spencer maintains, in his First Principles, that, while we must believe in the reality of self, knowledge of it is forbidden by the very nature of thought.

MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.-(3RD YEAR.)

The Board of Examiners.

1. Give reasons which have been adduced for holding that all mental processes are connected with changes of the nervous organism. Is it legitimate

to conclude that the functions of the nervous system comprehend all that is comprised in mind?

2. Should Retentiveness be included among the fundamental intellectual operations? Refer in your

answer to the treatment of the question by Bain and by Sully.

3. In what sense and to what extent does Descart is hold that our knowledge of things depends on

our knowledge of God? Consider his position.

4. How did Descartes arrive at his theory of animal automatism?

5. What meaning was attached by Kant to Substance? Compare his conception of Substance with any other which has been common in modern philosophy.

6. Explain the relation of Category, Schema, and Image, according to Kant, in the construction of our knowledge.

7. Reproduce Kant's criticism of Rational Psychology, and show the result of this criticism in his own philosophy.

8. State, and examine, Spencer's argument to an Unknowable Power from the impossibility of forming any tenable hypotheses respecting the origin of the Universe.

9. In what respects does the Transfigured Realism of Spencer differ from the Crude Realism which he rejects ?

MORAL PHILOSOPHY.

The Board of Examiners.

1. How was Socrates led to identify Knowledge with Virtue? And how was this tenet dealt with by his successors in Greek philosophy?

2. For what reasons did Aristotle consider Virtue to be not an emotion, nor a power, but a habit?

3. Mention any problems in Moral Philosophy which appear to you to be specially connected with, or suggested by, Christian Ethics.

4. Can Virtue be resolved into Benevolence? How does Butler deal with this question?

5. It was held by Kant that the law of duty must be valid, not only for men, but for all rational creatures. Examine his position here.

6. "Everybody to count for one, nobody for more than one. Discuss Mill's statement as to the connexion of this maxim with the Greatest Happiness principle.

7. Explain the meaning attached by Spencer to totality of life, and consider the way in which he connects this criterion with the ultimate moral aim.

8. What evidence has been adduced for the statement that the sense of duty will diminish as moralization increases ?

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