Sustainable Energy Consumption and Society: Personal, Technological, Or Social Change?Springer Science & Business Media, 14. 2. 2005 - 204 strán (strany) Origin of this book In 1998 the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) initiated the 2000 Watt Society, a University-wide research program meant to help Switzerland realize a dramatic reduction in its future energy use. A project within the initiative “Sustainability in the ETH domain,” the 2000 Watt per capita Society sought to promote “the gradual introduction of a way of living and working that requires only one-third of current energy consumption but 1 2 still delivers an improved quality of life. ” Two thousand watts is roughly the current world average per capita energy consumption; it was the average level in Switzerland in the 1950s; it is some three times less than current 3 Swiss usage; and reducing to that level again (in concert with other industrialized nations) would greatly facilitate stabilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO )levels in the long-term, given projections about world 2 population growth and exploitable energy resources [Imboden 1999]. 1 http://www. novatlantis. ch/frames_e. html. 2 A watt is a power term equivalent to 1 joule/second. Non-engineers generally prefer to think of 2000 watts per capita in terms of energy use per unit time such as joules/second or kilowatt-hours/hour. For Switzerland, 2000 watts per capita is equivalent to a primary annual energy consumption of about 65 gigajoules (65 billion joules) per capita. Although less generally communicative, the 2000 watt name is clean and trim, and since it has stuck we will use it throughout the book. |
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SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND THE PUBLICS ROOM TO MANEUVER IN ENERGY USE | 1 |
2 The consumer society | 4 |
3 Consumption trajectories in western europe | 5 |
4 NorthSouth disparities northern consumerist models and global resource constraints | 8 |
5 The evolving international discourse on sustainable consumption | 11 |
Which is the better focus for addressing environmental problems? | 12 |
7 Room to maneuver in energy use | 16 |
71 Northern societys discretion in energy use | 18 |
4 Interviewee recruitment | 124 |
means | 127 |
81 Subject groups | 129 |
812 Group II data summary | 130 |
813 Group III data summary | 131 |
821 Note on correlation analysis | 133 |
832 Correlations | 134 |
Nondiscretionary accounting Perception of less discretionary influences and Communicating about Energy Consumption | 135 |
8 Research questions and challenges in this book | 20 |
TARGETS OF INTERVENTION FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION | 25 |
consumption | 27 |
22 Efficiency and dematerialization | 30 |
23 Levels of consumption | 32 |
3 An expanded multidisciplinary analysis of consumptions driving forces and possibilities for intervention | 36 |
31 Consumption critiques | 37 |
32 Psychological and behavioral treatments | 39 |
322 Needs and wants identity and meaning | 41 |
33 Social treatments | 44 |
332 Anthropologicalsociological treatments of needs wants and restraint | 49 |
34 Economic treatments | 52 |
342 Decoupling consumption and welfare | 53 |
343 Restraint and sufficiency | 57 |
344 Breaking the workandspend cycle | 59 |
Policy syntheses and political implications | 65 |
42 Political implications and alternatives | 68 |
ENERGY ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY KNOWLEDGE AND RISK COMMUNICATION | 73 |
2 Alternative research approaches and a frame for discussing knowledge in the context of discretionary and nondiscretionary energy consumption | 74 |
22 Selected topics in the EnergyRevealing approach and actors discretionary energy consumption | 80 |
2212 Public attitudes and knowledge of climate change | 82 |
222 Psychological factors and knowledge in energyrelevant ecological behavior | 85 |
2222 Knowledge | 88 |
23 The SocialRevealing approach and less discretionary influences on energy consumption | 91 |
232 Public perception and perceived control of less discretionary factors | 97 |
3 Energy and risk communication | 99 |
32 Risk communication | 102 |
322 Levels of trust in management of creeping danger risks | 103 |
323 Routes of persuasion and levels of debate | 104 |
324 More on the social amplification of risk | 106 |
325 Proposed application of risk communication and ecological modernization with caveats | 107 |
4 Final comments and further applications | 111 |
FIELD STUDY WITH COMPUTERAIDED INTERVIEWS | 113 |
2 Experimental hypotheses and user questions | 114 |
3 Software development and modeling | 119 |
8412 Group I | 136 |
8413 Group II | 137 |
8414 Group III | 138 |
Importance of behaviorpersonal influences on subjects current energy use | 139 |
8441 No change fully confirmed | 140 |
8443 Partly confirmed partly changed | 141 |
845 Technological vs social factors effects on national energy use | 144 |
Comparison of strength of Type I vs Type II influences on Swiss national energy consumption | 146 |
846 Ranking key players degree of responsibility for national energy conservation | 147 |
8462 Conclusions | 148 |
Separation of social from technological influences | 149 |
851 Group I | 150 |
852 Group II | 151 |
861 Subjects followup assessment of the exercise | 153 |
872 Shaping future Swiss consumption trajectories | 155 |
873 Affecting lessdiscretionary forces and the role and influence of the consumercitizen | 156 |
88 Energy Communication | 157 |
Subjects assessments of the environmental friendliness of their lifestyle as measured against an ecological standard 2000 wattsperson | 158 |
Subjects mistrust of the data and model | 159 |
Misleading misplaced emphasis in the presentation of technological and social factors | 161 |
89 Subjects evaluation of the program and the interview session | 162 |
894 Usefulness of the program for informing and educating the general public | 163 |
ACHIEVEMENTS OPEN QUESTIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 165 |
11 Topdown or bottomup? | 166 |
12 Metric for gauging experimental success | 167 |
13 Success in researching and applying domestic sustainable consumption | 168 |
14 Pedagogical use and timing | 170 |
2 Lifestyle groups and differentiated approaches to sustainable consumption | 172 |
4 Success in risk communication | 174 |
5 Suggestions for further research | 177 |
6 Some open questions | 180 |
7 Divergence from the prevailing environmental framework | 181 |
185 | |
197 | |
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2000 Watt Society activities aggregate air travel analysis assessment average Chapter choices climate change constraints consumer society consumerism critiques cultural David eds discussed ECO₂ ecological behavior ecological economics ecological modernization economic effects embodied energy end-user energy accounting energy conservation energy consumption energy profiles Energy-Revealing environment environmental problems example factors favor focus future Gatersleben gigajoules global growth household energy important improvements income increase individual industrial influence infrastructure institutional interview sessions involvement issues knowledge less discretionary Lutzenhiser material measures mid-term national energy natural capital needs non-discretionary norms parameters patterns perception petajoules political population potential Princen production psychological question reduce Renn resource responsibility restraint risk communication Røpke sector Social-Revealing approach socio-technical Spaargaren structural subjects suggests sustainable consumption Swiss Switzerland technological change theory trends Type users variables voluntary simplicity Washington D.C. watts per capita welfare Wilhite