shut the gates of the city, and guarded them with a strong hand and in arms, not permitting them to enter. But our lord the pope received an oath before the door of the church of the blessed Peter upon the steps, from the aforesaid king of the Germans, that he would faithfully preserve unimpaired the church of God and the rights of the church, and that he would maintain strict justice, and that he would restore to its integrity the patrimony of the blessed Peter, if any-thing had been taken from it, and that he would give back to it Tusculum. After this our lord the pope led them into the church, and anointed him as emperor, and his wife as empress. But our lord the pope sat in the pontifical chair, holding the imperial crown between his feet, and the emperor bending his head received the crown, and the empress in the same manner from the feet of our lord the pope. But our lord the pope instantly struck with his foot the emperor's crown, and cast it upon the ground, signifying that he had the power of deposing him from the empire, if he was undeserving of it. The cardinals, however, lifting up the crown placed it upon the head of the emperor.

For Pope Gregory's treatment of the Emperor of Germany, see his own Letter, in Part I, 11th Cent. an. Dom. 1077.

Gratian's Decretals, corrected and illustrated with Notes, together with Glosses, published by the order of Pope Gregory 13, and diligently compared with the Roman text. (Printed at Turin, 1620.)

runt eas in manu forti et armata, non permittentes eos intrare. Dominus verò papa ante ostium ecclesiæ beati Petri supra gradus recepit sacramentum a prædicto Alemannorum rege, quòd ipse ecclesiam Dei et jura ecclesiastica fideliter servaret illabata, et quod rectam justitiam teneret, et quod patrimonium beati Petri, si quid inde ablatum esset, in integrum restitueret, et quod Tusculanum ei redderet. Deinde introduxit. eos dominus papa in ecclesiam, et unxit eum in imperatorem, et uxorem suam in imperatricem. Sedebat autem dominus papa in cathedra pontificali, tenens coronam auream imperialem inter pedes suos, et imperator inclinato capite recepit coronam, et imperatrix similiter de pedibus domini papæ. Dominus autem papa statim percussit cum pede suo coronam imperatoris et dejecit eam in terram, significans, quod ipse potestatem ejiciendi eum ab imperio habet, si ille demeruerit. Sed cardinales statim arripientes coronam, imposuerunt eam capiti imperatoris.

Decretum Gratiani, emendatum et notis illustratum, unà cum Glossis, Gregorii 13. Pontificis Max. Jussu editum ad Exemplar Romanum diligenter recognitum. (Taurini. 1620.)

L

Be well aware, therefore, that in these matters you depend upon their judgment, and they cannot be subservient to your will

Supported, therefore, by such institutions and authorities, many

popes have excommunicated, some of them, emperors, and others of them, kings. But if a particular example is required respecting the persons of princes, the blessed Pope Innocent excommunicated the emperor Arcadius, because he consented to St. John Chrysostom's expulsion from his see. The blessed Ambrose also, although a saint, yet not the universal bishop of the church, excommunicating the emperor Theodosius the Great for a fault, which did not appear so serious to the other priests, excluded him from the church. The same Ambrose, also, shows in his letters, that gold is not so much more precious than lead, as the priestly dignity is superior to the kingly power, writing thus in the beginning of his pastoral letter, "If a comparison be instituted between the splendour of kings and the diadem of princes (and

Decreti prima pars.-Distinctio 96, chap. 10.

GELASIUS PAPA, ANASTASIO IMPERATORI.

Duo sunt quippe, imperator auguste, quibus principaliter hic mundus regitur, auctoritas sacra pontificum, et regalis potestas. In quibus tanto gravius pondus est sacerdotum, quantò etiam pro ipsis regibus hominum, in divino sunt reddituri examine rationem.

Nosti itaque inter hæc, ex illorum te pendere judicio, non illos ad tuam redigi posse volunta

tem.

Talibus igitur institutis, talibusque fulti auctoritatibus plerique pontificum, alii reges, alii imperatores excommunicaverunt. Nam si speciale aliquod de personis principum requiretur exemplum, beatus Innocentius Papa Arcadium imperatorem (quia consensit ut sanctus Joannes Chrysostomus a sua sede pelleretur) excommunicavit. B. etiam Ambrosius, licet sanctus, non tamen universalis ecclesiæ episcopus, pro culpâ, quæ aliis sacerdotibus non adeò gravis videbatur, Theodosium magnum imperatorem excommunicans ab ecclesia exclusit: qui etiam in suis scriptis os tendit, quod aurum non tam pretiosius sit plumbo, quàm regiâ potestate sit altior dignitas sacerdotalis, hoc modo, circa principium sui pastoralis scribens. "Honor, fratres, et sublimitas episcopalis nullis poterit comparationibus ad æquari. Si regum fulgori compares et principum diademati, longè erit inferius, quam si plumbi

the priestly power) it would be less than if you were to compare lead to the splendour of gold, forasmuch as you see that the necks of kings and princes are put under the knees of priests, and that when they have kissed their right hands, they believe themselves to be partakers of their prayers.

The Decretals of Pope Gregory 9. (Printed at Turin, 1621.) On Supremacy and Obedience.

Pope Clement 3rd, to the most illustrious Emperor of Constantinople, c. 6.

You might also have comprehended the prerogative of the priesthood from what is spoken, not by an ordinary person, but by God; not to a king, but to a priest; not concerning the royal race, but concerning the sacerdotal family, that is to say, concerning the priests who were in Anathoth. "Behold I have set thee over nations and kingdoms, that you may root out and scatter, that you may build and plant."

Besides, you ought also to have known that "God made two great lights in the firmament of heaven, the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night; each of them great, but one the greater of the two. For the firmament of the heaven, therefore, that is of the universal church, God made two great lights, that is, he appointed two dignities, which are the pontifical authority and the kingly power. But that which rules the day, that is to say, spi

metallum ad auri fulgorem compares; quippe cum videas regum colla et principum submitti genubus sacerdotum, et osculata eorum dextera, orationibus eorum credant se communiri.

Decretales D. Gregorii Papa 9. (Taurini. 1621.)

De Majoritate et Obedientiâ, Tit. 33, p. 424.

Clemens Papa Tertius, illustrissimo Constant. Imperatori, c. 6.

Potuisses

autem prærogativam sacerdotii ex eo potius intelligere, quod dictum est; non a quolibet, sed a Deo; non regi, sed sacerdoti, non de regia stirpe, sed de sacerdotali prosapiâ descendenti, de sacerdotibus videlicet qui erant in Anathot: "Ecce constitui te super gentes, et regna, ut evellas et dissipes: ædifices et plantes."

Prætereà nosse debueras, quod " fecit Deus duo magna luminaria in firmamento cæli, luminare majus, ut præesset diei, et luminare minus, ut præesset nocti, utrumque magnum, sed alterum majus. Ad firmamentum igitur cæli, hoc est, universalis ecclesiæ, fecit Deus duo magna luminaria, id est, duos instituit dignitates, quæ sunt, pontificalis auctoritas et regalis potestas. Sed illa, quæ præest diebus, id est, spiritualibus, major est; quæ vero car