THE PEACE OF VASSALAGE

It is increasingly evident that if peace between Germany and Russia comes from the conference at Brest-Litovsk, it will be a peace of serfdom. Russia, which more than a generation ago abolished serfdom among its own people, must not become the serf of a foreign autocracy. If it is to escape this fate, it is equally imperative that the Russian people throw off the yoke of anarchism under which, so far as Petrograd and Moscow are concerned, it now rests.

There is hope of this and strong hope-as will be seen from an article elsewhere in this issue of The Outlook by a Russian writer. Just what is developing behind the scenes, so to speak, we cannot tell positively, because our news comes almost entirely through the Lenine faction. There are, however, indications from day to day that the "anti-counterrevolution" is gaining force. General Kaledines and other Russian officers are certainly at the head of troops oppposed to the Bolsheviki. The great country of the Ukraine, with its twenty million inhabitants and its great cities of Odessa and Kiev, has declared its independence. This, of course, is precisely what the Bolshevik Government theoretically approves, but evidently it regards with great distrust the probability that the Ukraine may join forces with the enemies of Lenine.

The peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk, now going on, are attended by delegates from Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey, as well as from Russia and Germany. A peculiarly pro-German rule has been made under which the delegates are to speak on any given subject in the alphabetical order of the names of their countries. Thus Austria, Bulgaria, and Germany will all be heard before Russia has a chance to speak. The proceedings were opened by a long speech from the German Foreign Minister, Dr. von Kühlmann. He talked long, but said nothing. Up to December 26 no agreement was reached between the irreconcilable proposals made before the conference met by Russia and Germany. Trotsky, the so-called Russian Foreign Minister, before the conference spoke very boldly of his determination not to bow the knee (he used that phrase) to the Kaiser. This was after Germany indicated its intention to hold the Russian territory it now occupies, to establish a Lithuania and a Poland which should be nominally free but really German, to take Russia's wheat, and to establish free trade for German goods for fifteen years. No wonder that Trotsky No wonder that Trotsky balked! He seems now to be again under Germany's influence. If he expects that Germany will adopt, approve, or tolerate the anarchistic absurdities advocated by him, his eyes will soon be opened.

Meanwhile the much-talked-of German "proposals for peace" have not appeared. Probably no careful student of the situation expected that they would. It is not the first time that German agents have put forth loose talk about forthcoming peace proposals, while official Germany has kept quiet and hoped to profit by such talk. The so-called basis for possible peace reported in despatches, but not emanating from any official source or made over any responsible name, was cleverly worded so as to leave for consideration later everything of vital importance to Germany, and in all other points to give Germany the advantage. Every one will agree with the official statement of our Secretary of War, Mr. Baker, that various reports of immediate peace proposals by the Germans on seemingly favorable terms should not for a moment induce us to slacken our preparations for war.'

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the

RESTORATION, REPARATION, AND

WORLD SECURITY

The British Prime Minister, in a plain, frank statement before the House of Commons on December 20, relaxed in no particular his former declarations as to England's war aims. Now, as before, our great ally stands for restoration of Germany's plunder, reparation for ravaged and devastated countries, and a world security based on the extinction of Prussia's aim of forceful world domination.

Specific declarations that brought out immense enthusiasm were that England did not seek to acquire more territory; that the German colonies might be disposed of by the peace congress, but that Jerusalem never would be restored to the Turks.

Mr. Lloyd George recognized fully the injurious effect of the Russian collapse, and expressed the opinion that if the Russian armies had held firm "by this time the pride of the German military power would have been completely humbled." The need to help Italy called for renewed effort to increase the British armies. As for peace by negotiation, said the Prime Minister, it should always be remembered that a league of nations in which Germany was represented by triumphant militarism would be a hollow farce. Ships were urgently needed. On the other hand, he said, German soldiers and workmen were deteriorating in quality, British permanent losses were only onefourth or one-fifth of Germasses, the losses from submarines had decreased, and ship-building was increasing. He acknowledged that General Byng's splendid dash toward Cambrai had been only a temporary victory, and that there the Germans had their one and only success by surprise; yet the Germans had lost this year on the western line 100,000 prisoners, valuable positions, and hundreds of guns.

There was no note of despondency in Mr. Lloyd George's address. He said that while one great Power (Russia) had gone out, and another (America) had not fully come in, America's advent would loom large in the future. Until then, he said, England and France can and will stand squarely facing the foe.

THE SUGAR SITUATION

Mr. Hoover, the head of the Food Administration, has been criticised by witnesses before a Congressional committee for his handling of the sugar situation. The Outlook reported this fact in its issue of December 26, but voiced the hope that its readers would withhold their decision as to the justification for this criticism until Mr. Hoover himself had had an opportunity to present his own defense.

The Congressional committee investigating the sugar situation is headed by Senator Reed, of Missouri. Mr. Hoover's chief critic has been Mr. Spreckels, a sugar refiner of considerable prominence. Mr. Spreckels has charged that the sugar situation has been dominated to the detriment of the public interests by men representing the American Sugar Refining Company who were closely co-operating with the Food Administration. Mr. Spreckels stated that the price fixed by the Food Administration for unrefined Cuban sugar would necessitate a price to the consumer of ten cents a pound for granulated sugar, a price entirely unjustified by the condition of the sugar market. On more than one occasion during the progress of Mr. Spreckels's testimony the Food Administration requested an opportunity of presenting its own view of the situation. In each instance the request was denied, on the ground that the

This hostility to the Food Administration so obviously manifested by Senator Reed resulted in the publication, on December 26, of an official statement by Mr. Hoover, with the sanction of the President himself, embodying the facts which the Chairman of the Senate Committee, Senator Reed, refused to publish after its submission to his committee.

It seems to us that Mr. Hoover's statement proves clearly that the shortage of sugar in this country is due, not to any manipulation for the benefit of any private interest, but to the overwhelming demand on this country by its allies for every ounce of sugar at our disposal. Mr. Hoover gives the figures concerning the shipments abroad, and clearly indicates that the country must prepare to limit its consumption of sugar more stringently in the future if it desires to support its allies in a way in which every obligation of necessity and honor demands. Mr. Hoover stated that "there are no sugar stocks in this country which are not in course of distribution."

Under the present circumstances he showed that there is no other way to prevent profiteering except by the policy which the Food Administration has pursued, namely, the system of voluntary agreement among producers and refiners. The only alternative to limiting our present consumption is to cut down the meager supplies of our allies or to divert shipping now in our transport service to bringing sugar from the distant Java markets. Mr. Hoover stated that if our greed and gluttony forced our allies to reduce their rations or to send ships to distant Java, we will have damaged seriously the war-making powers of the United States.

Mr. Hoover's statement is a convincing one. It shows up in unpleasant relief the manner and methods which Senator Reed and his majority associates have employed in their investigation of Mr. Hoover's activities. Thconduct of the sugar investigation is in unpleasant contrast with that of the investigation into the work done by the Ordnance Bureau and the Quartermaster's Department.

THE GREAT QUESTIONNAIRE

Nearly ten million men during the current weeks will answer a questionnaire designed to make the Draft Law a real selective service measure.

It is the duty of every registered man, even if he does not receive his copy of the questionnaire, and even if he has been already exempted, to go to his local draft board and find out what is expected of him.

On the basis of this questionnaire the men who have regis tered under the Draft Law will be divided into five general classes. The first class will include, roughly, single men without dependents, dependent married men, married men not usefully engaged, unskilled laborers, and all not otherwise classified. The second class includes married men with wives or children not wholly dependent upon their labor for support, and married men whose wives are skilled in some special class of work which they are physically able to perform and in which they are either employed or in which they can easily obtain employment and support themselves without suffering or hardship. Necessary skilled farm laborers and skilled industrial laborers are also included in this class, provided they are engaged in necessary enterprises.

The third class includes those upon whom rests the responsibility of caring for helpless dependents, such as children, infirm parents, or helpless brothers and sisters, highly trained firemen or policemen, certain necessary employees of the Federal Government, managers or assistant managers of necessary agricultural or industrial enterprises, and technical or mechanical experts whose services are also of vital necessity.

In the fourth class are to be found men whose wives or children are mainly dependent on their labor for support, mariners

actually employed in sea service, and the necessary sole directing head of necessary agricultural or industrial enterprises.

Class five includes the legislative, executive, or judicial officers of the United States, the individual States, the Territories, and the District of Columbia. It includes ordained ministers, certain divinity students, those already in the military or naval service of the United States, and men permanently unfit for military service because of mental or physical disabilities. It also includes licensed pilots actively employed and members of a well-recognized religious sect or organization whose creed forbids its members to participate in any way in war.

This fifth class is obviously intended to include all those whom the Government desires absolutely to exempt from the provisions of the Draft Law, even though the fifth class is not classified as exempt, but merely in the class whose call will be longest deferred. The curious juxtaposition of ministers and those morally or mentally unfit for military service affords an interesting commentary on the legal provision which practically exempts clergymen from all kinds of military service. It would perhaps have been wiser if the Government had treated ministers as it has treated doctors and medical students, that is, provided that their talents might be used in a way to help the Government to the best possible advantage. Many young ministers would make, as many are making, the best kind of workers in the Y. M. C. A. shacks here and abroad. Why exempt these trained men from all service, while at the same time we require medical students and doctors either to join the Medical Reserve or to serve in the army?

The individual questions by which the exhaustive classification will be determined require the most careful attention on the part of those who must answer them, but the questions are all reasonable, and should provide the Government with exactly the information it desires. A typical example of the care with which this questionnaire has been developed is afforded by the group of questions dealing with agricultural labor. These questions are expected to indicate whether a farm laborer is necessary to the farm where he works, and whether his work itself is useful or merely devoted to the upkeep of some non-productive country estate; and further, in case such an estate is worked as a farm, whether it represents an agricultural enterprise of value to the country.

The operation of the Selective Draft Law under the present regulations will protect the country from the misuse of its skilled labor so far as the draft registrants are concerned. No effort has been made, so far as we know, however, to prevent skilled laborers, such as shipbuilders and mechanics, rom volunteering for the war in either the Army or the Navy. It is perhaps unfortunate that the same tests now being applied to the selected men could not also have been applied to the volunteers.

THE RED CROSS DRIVE

When the American Red Cross announced that it would increase its membership from five to ten millions, and hoped to reach a maximum of fifteen millions, there was some doubt felt by those who realized the magnitude of the task and did not realize the zeal of the vast number of volunteer campaigners ready to work for success under ingenious and efficient plans. The effort was even larger than at first appears, because it included renewals of membership and payment of the annual fee of one dollar by most of the five million persons already members. Thus, to take an actual example, one chapter in a town of 5,00 people had about 1,100 members before the drive; when on Christmas Day it had recorded 2,900 members, the statement meant that 2,900 people (new members and old) had paid each a dollar or more for a year's membership, beginning at one. And the "drive was to continue until New Year's.

As with the small town, so with the city and the country. On Christmas Day it was estimated that about 9,000,000 new members and 4,000,000 renewals had been registered. With this total of 13.000.000 it would seem probable that the mark of 15,000,000 would be reached by New Year's Day, and certain that the campaign as been successful in a most gratifying manner. The banner region has been the Lakes Division, which, with a quota of 1,063,000, reported an enrollment of 2,000,000. One interesting feature of the campaign has been the number

of "hundred-per-cent" offices, factories, and corporations-that is, those which have every man and woman in the place enrolled as a Red Cross member. We have heard also of one hundredper-cent college-Blue Mountain College, in Mississippi.

The army of Red Cross members (a considerable number of whom are also active workers, and these mostly women) is now approximately ten times as large as our new military army.

PROHIBITION IN CANADA AND TEMPERANCE IN
OUR EXPEDITIONARY FORCE

Canada, by the vote of the provinces, has been very largely dry territory for some months. Premier Borden has now announced that this provincial prohibition will be given the powerful support of Dominion law. Beginning on December 24, the Canadian Premier has forbidden the importation into Canada of intoxicating liquors. In his announcement he defined intoxicating liquors as any beverage containing more than two and one-half per cent of alcohol. The Premier announced that there would also be an investigation into the condition of the liquor industry, and that, after a date to be determined by this investigation, the prohibition of the manufacture of intoxicating liquors would be ordered. In a news despatch from Ontario the New York "Times" reports that the Premier bases this order on the "unmistakable mandate for the employment of all the country's energies and resources necessary to achieve victory given at the last general election to the present Government. The Premier said:

It is essential and indeed vital for the efficient conduct of the war that wasteful or unnecessary expenditure should be prohibited, and that all articles capable of being used as food should be conserved. It is beyond question that the use of liquor affects adversely the realization of this purpose.

Associated Press despatches from our expeditionary force state that General Pershing has issued a general order covering the liquor problem among our soldiers abroad. In this order General Pershing announced: "Soldiers are forbidden either to buy or accept as gifts whisky, brandy, champagne, liqueurs, or other alcoholic beverages other than light wines or beers."

General Pershing's order, however, does not stop with the prohibition of heavy liquors. It contains drastic provision for the punishment of men who drink to excess, and also for holding responsible the commanding officer of units in which drunkenness occurs. General Pershing's order also wisely links control of the liquor traffic with the control of immorality surrounding our army camps. All sections of towns frequented by immoral women are declared to be "off limits" for American soldiers. In this, as in his handling of the liquor problem, it is evident that General Pershing is taking every care to maintain the health and efficiency of his troops. Perhaps it may be possible to bring the handling of the liquor problem in our over-seas forces into even closer harmony with the laws applicable to forces in this country than has yet been done, but we can rest assured that General Pershing will move as fast as expediency permits.

It is interesting to record in this connection that Mr. Roosevelt, in a recent letter to Dr. Clarence True Wilson, of the National Temperance Board, states that his sons have written him "most strongly (just as General Pershing has expressed his public opinion most strongly) as to the harm done to the men of the army by permitting the sale of liquor to them." Mr. Roosevelt adds that his sons have come to believe in absolute prohibition for the army in war time. One of them has written that his experience abroad has made a permanent prohibitionist

of him.

WHY IS LA FOLLETTE STILL IN THE SENATE?

Where are the many voices which clamored a few months ago for the expulsion of La Follette from the Senate? La Follette is still in the Senate, though the reasons for expelling him from that body which were good three months ago are just as good to-day. The Outlook was of the opinion three months ago that the reasons for expelling La Follette from the Senate were very good indeed. It has not changed its opinion.

In the meantime, however, the Senatorial investigation into

the activities, writings, and speeches of the Senator from Wisconsin is apparently languishing. Senator Pomerene, Chairman of the Committee on Privileges and Elections, informs us that the Committee on Privileges and Elections will meet on Tuesday, January 8, to determine whether the sub-committee of this Committee shall continue investigations under the limited authority given it or whether the hearings shall be before the full Committee.

There are many Americans who think that the Senate is no place for Robert M. La Follette at the present time, even though their voices have not lately been raised in protest against his continuance in office. It can be said without much fear of contradiction that the country at large looks to the Senatorial Committee on Privileges and Elections, as the trustee of the Nation's interests and honor, to handle the case of Senator La Follette without fear or favor or further delay.

NON-PARTISAN SERVICE

Last week The Outlook called attention to President Wilson's tribute to the senior Senator from Minnesota, a Republican, in suggesting to Minnesota Democrats that Knute Nelson be re-elected. The occasion emphasized the growing non-partisan attitude at Washington.

We have now to refer to another example of non-partisan service. The death of Francis Griffith Newlands, Senator from Nevada, forms the occasion. Mr. Newlands was sixty-nine years old. He was born in Natchez, Mississippi. He studied at Yale and Columbia. He went to California to practice law, later going to Nevada. In 1893 he was elected to Congress and served ten years in the lower house. Then he was elected Senator. At the time of his death he was serving his third term in the Senate.

He became an authority on lands and transportation, and as such was one of the most influential figures in Congress. He was Chairman of the Committee on Inter-State Commerce, and also headed the General Railway Commission established a little over a year ago for the purpose of investigating the railway situation throughout the country. He framed the chief measures for the reclamation of the Western lands. He strongly advocated the construction of canals to compete with railways in freight transportation. Through his efforts a Waterways Commission was finally established by law. He took an intelligent interest in æsthetic matters, and introduced a measure which became the basis of National countenance of the fine arts.

In all these things the quality which most characterized Mr. Newlands was his readiness to serve his country without reference to party. Though a Democrat and highly regarded by the present Administration, to which his loss will be severe, Mr. Newlands rendered equally good service to the Republican Administrations of Presidents Roosevelt and Taft.

JERUSALEM AND IOWA CITY

The only formal community celebration in America of the capture of Jerusalem of which we have heard occurred at Iowa City, Iowa, recently.

The State University of Iowa is situated in that city, and some time ago the University Oratorio Society chose for a coming performance Gade's oratorio "The Crusaders." This proved to be a most happy coincidence, for it was this oratorio that was performed in celebration of the capture by the British of the city for the recovery of which the Crusaders in former years had set forth. At this celebration there was a large audience in which Jew and Gentile, Catholic and Protestant, and patriotic orders had ceremonial representatives. All creeds, nationalities, and orders had been invited to send them. Seated at the front were the Catholic priests, the Protestant pastors, and Jewish representatives, and marching in full regalia came the Masons, whose order, so tradition says, dates back to the building of Solomon's Temple; and after them came the Catholic Knights of Columbus, the Grand Army of the Republic and their companion society of the women of the Relief Corps, the Daughters of the American Revolution, and the Odd Fellows, all with standards and banners.

The armory in which the oratorio was performed had been

decorated with American flags, with the flags of our allies, and with the Red Cross insignia, while at the center was displayed a big Union Jack lent by an English family who had four sons at the front, one with the British and three with the American forces.

The oratorio was performed by a chorus of one hundred voices and an orchestra of forty pieces.

At the last strains of the final chorus-" The goal is won, Jerusalem. Up, your flag with hope endows thee. We cry aloud, Hosanna!"-the great service flag of the University, with its six hundred and sixty-six stars for the men who have gone forth, was unfurled and presented, and President Jessup in accepting it asked the community also to accept it in the spirit of service through the Red Cross and conservation. The chorus swung into one verse each of "God Save the King," the "Marseillaise," and "The Star-Spangled Banner," the audience joining.

It was a fine expression of community co-operation and civic spirit.

HAMPTON'S NEW HEAD

The appointment of a successor to fill the place held by the late Hollis B. Frissell as head of Hampton Institute is a matter of National importance. The Trustees of Hampton have chosen for this place the Rev. James E. Gregg, pastor of the First Congregational Church of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Mr. Gregg is a native of Connecticut and a graduate of Harvard. For three years he was a teacher at St. George's School, Newport. He was then successively pastor of churches in Pittsfield and Lowell. He returned to Pittsfield in 1912, where for five years he has been active in the civic and religious life of the community. Two of the Trustees of Hampton are quoted in the New York "Evening Post" as most enthusiastically indorsing the appointment of Mr. Gregg. Dr. Anson Phelps Stokes, Secretary of Yale University, said:

I have known Mr. Gregg for ten years. Hampton Institute is fortunate in having at its head a man of his culture, judicial temperament, and high ideals, and with his deep interest in the work and in the colored people. Mr. Gregg has something of the modesty and of the sterling qualities of heart and mind which so marked his distinguished predecessor, Dr. Frissell.

George Foster Peabody, in making the announcement of Mr. Gregg's appointment on behalf of the Trustees, said:

The new principal brings to his task the moral courage which made General Armstrong daring and the spiritual serenity which made Dr. Frissell wise, and the friends of the school look with renewed confidence and hope to the beginning of Hampton's second half-century of National service under the leadership of a man so well equipped as Mr. Gregg.

It is a tremendous task for which Mr. Gregg has been appointed, and it is gratifying to record the unanimity of opinion among the Trustees of the Institute in regard to his qualifications for the post.

The head of Hampton must combine in his single person the executive ability demanded of the head of a college, together with a sympathetic understanding of that rare philosophy of education of which Hampton Institute was practically the pioneer exponent. He must also have a fundamental appreciation of the social problems of the South, and an ability to secure the cooperation of both South and North in the work of finding a solution to those problems, which are peculiarly trying to one part of our country, but which can never be solved unless approached from the point of view of the Nation as a whole.

re-elected. At the third election Mr. Campbell appeared to have won over Governor Hunt by thirty-one votes. Governor Hunt instituted a legal demand for a recount and declined to surrender the office on January 1, 1917. According to the newspapers, he barred the doors and windows of the Capitol, and when Mr. Campbell, accompanied by a crowd of formida ble-looking friends from the cowboy districts, arrived and demanded admittance it was refused. To the support of law and order, there had been not only a liberal scattering of armed deputies through the crowd, but there was no liquor to be had in Phoenix, the capital. Under these circumstances, it was the easier for Mr. Campbell to restrain his men from violence. He was inaugurated in the open air near the Capitol while Mr. Hunt was inaugurated within the Capitol. Thus there were apparently two Governors of Arizona.

When the Supreme Court issued an order declaring Mr. Campbell de facto Governor, Governor Hunt vacated, and Governor Campbell has held office since. The recount, however, showed that Mr. Hunt had been re-elected by forty-three votes. The Court's decision was unanimous, but it does not appear why the recount and the proceedings took so long a time. Thus ends one of the most curious election cases in our history, and one which illustrates an essential in successful self-governmentnamely, the acquiescence of the people in the decisions of democratically constituted authority.

THE SURVIVOR OF COMMODORE PERRY'S

EXPEDITION

A portrait of William H. Hardy, the sole survivor of Commodore Perry's historic expedition to Japan in 1853, appears on another page. Mr. Hardy recently returned to the scenes of his adventures. He visited the port of Kurihama, where the Perry party landed. It is interesting to note that the entire population was in holiday attire for the visitor, that the streets were decorated with lanterns and the Stars and Stripes, that school-children stood in line along the way, and that all carried American flags which they waved, shouting loud "Banzais," as Mr. Hardy rode through the crowded thoroughfares. He responded by waving his sailor's cap, and, on arriving at the monument erected to commemorate the expedition, knelt in prayer, and planted an Oregon pine tree which he had brought with him from America. One of the Japanese who welcomed the Perry Expedition was present to welcome this survivor. As reported by the New York" Japanese-American Commercial Weekly," Mr. Hardy expressed his astonishment at the splendid progress Japan has made during the sixty-four years which have elapsed since he first landed there, and his satisfaction that now the flags of America and Japan are crossed as a symbol of the friendship existing between the two nations.

THE BLACKLIST

When the British Government published a Blacklist-a list of financial and commercial concerns with which the British were forbidden to deal-many Americans said, "We will never have a Blacklist.”

But now we have. Our Government has published it. We trust that this act will still some of the echoes of those captious criticisms of Great Britain made in high circles in this country while we were still officially neutral.

The list contains the names of some seventeen hundred firms

and corporations in Cuba, Mexico, and South America suspected of having German connections and sympathies. In it are certain great banks, manufactories, and public utilities repre

THE GOVERNORS OF ARIZONA

George W. P. Hunt has been seated as Governor of Arizona. This has been done by the Arizona Supreme Court. At the same time it decided that Thomas E. Campbell's tenure of office since January 27, 1917, was not illegal, as he had been made de facto Governor by the same Court.

Mr. Hunt was elected first Governor of Arizona and was

of German capital in Latin America.

Other lists will doubtless follow covering other countries. The British List for all countries now includes some six thousand

names.

The work on our list was started last July. More than half the names, however, are duplicates of those given in the British Blacklist. If there are any " inequalities," they will doubtless be righted, as they were in the British List, by modifications. Meanwhile the business houses of the country, without exception, we believe, will take no chances with any concern mentioned