ployers and workers was founded on the protocol adopted in this same trade in

The Pity of It

New York City a few years earlier, the U

contrast is still stronger. It might be well for industrial leaders and manufacturers in New York City to study the reasons for the success in Chicago and the comparative failure in New York.

The system set up by the agreement between operators and workers corresponds in its main features to the legal system of a State. The rules laid down correspond to legislative statutes; the union officials represent the interests of the workers like attorneys, while those of the operators are represented by university professors chosen by the operators and called industrial relations "counsels;" the judges of the industrial courts are also university professors. Thus under the agreement there are courts, attorneys, and judges.

Higher courts or boards of arbitration, consisting of economists from different sections of the country, fulfill a function something like that of the Supreme Court of the United States. They hear and decide appeals from the lower courts and disagreements as to the interpretation of the fundamental agreement or constitution.

Soon the plan was working so well that it was extended to remedy sanitary conditions, which were notoriously bad in the industry, to provide unemployment insurance, and in various ways to improve relations between the workers and the employers, and also between the industry and the public.

One of the leading Chicago operators, a strong exponent of the new form of industrial government, says that its advantage to him is that the union keeps the workers at work and makes them live up to their agreement. He knows that there will be no question about the workers being at their machines every Monday morning at eight o'clock. He has found that the personnel directors' salaries, the cost of improvements, and the increased wages amount to much less than he lost before 1919 because of strikes and labor uncertainties.

The agreement is renewable every three years; but there has been no difficulty in securing the consent of both parties to the renewal so far, and there is every probability that when the present term expires next year the treaty of peace will again be renewed.

This peaceful solution of difficult conditions between about 100 manufacturing concerns and 150,000 workers may well serve as an example of what is possible when the two elements are more anxious to be fair and produce results than to quarrel.

NLESS the unexpected happens, last winter's rains, according to a despatch just received from our Pacific coast correspondent, were the last that will fall upon Luther Burbank's famous experimental gardens near Sebastopol, California. This summer's suns are the

Keystone

Luther Burbank-Will his work go on? last that will shine upon the plants and flowers which the plant wizard was cultivating at the time of his death, a year ago. All efforts made to raise the necessary funds to continue Burbank's work have apparently failed, and Mrs. Burbank announces that it will be necessary to abandon the experimental work, and concentrate on the work of perpetuating Burbank's finished products.

It seems something more than a pity. Some six months ago, as reported in The Outlook at the time, Dr. Wilbur, President of Stanford, announced the desire of the University to accept the offer contained in Burbank's will, and to take over the experimental farm at Sebastopol and the Luther Burbank gardens at Santa Rosa. A widespread effort, he said, would be made to raise the necessary funds (upwards of $1,000,000) and to establish a Burbank Foundation. These efforts have apparently failed, and, as the University of California had previously declared itself unable to accept the legacy of Burbank's offer, the course Mrs. Burbank proposes to adopt would seem to be the only one open.

There is here, surely, a wonderful eleventh-hour chance for some man or woman of wealth to perform a great and lasting public service. The thirteen acres of the Gold Ridge Rincón at Sebastopol offer possibilities at the moment which may never be offered the world again for many generations. The property contains over 6,000 separate experiments and innumerable varieties of trees, shrubs, vines, and flowers, some of them complete and ready for release to the growers, and many of them in the final stages of development.

In Catholic Baltimore

A CATHOLIC, William F. Curran, the

Democratic candidate for Mayor

of Baltimore, was defeated by his Republican opponent, a former Mayor, William F. Broening, a Protestant. The Republican majority was more than 17,000. Baltimore is usually strongly Democratic. Governor Ritchie's majority in the city last November was about 47,000.

The Democrats are saying that they were defeated by religious prejudice. The majority against their candidate, it appears, was rolled up in the sections of the city where anti-Catholic feeling is known to be strong. But the religious issue, such as it was, was raised by supporters of the Democratic candidate for Mayor. Democratic candidates for Controller and President of the Council won by something like normal majorities.

Now Baltimore is the chief city, containing about half the population, of the State of Maryland. And Maryland, colonized by the Catholic Calverts, has always been commonly regarded as a Catholic State.

If the anti-Catholic movement can make itself effective there, it is asked, what can it not do in the rest of the South?

That is a question that will be asked, anxiously, by both supporters and opponents of Governor Smith, of New York, for the Democratic nomination for the Presidency.

But such a question, according to some observers, is based on a wrong assumption. It is denied that antiCatholic feeling swayed the election. On the contrary, it is asserted that the Democratic candidate was defeated because he had been placed in nomination by a political machine that had prevented the nomination of the present able Democratic Mayor; that the effort of the Baltimore "Sun" to overcome the candidate's machine handicap by appealing to the voters to support him in protest against alleged anti-Catholic

feeling failed; and that therefore the election indicates that even in a Catholic community Catholic voters do not vote as Catholics, but as citizens.

Incidentally, the Baltimore result has not strengthened Governor Ritchie, of Maryland, as an alternative wet candidate for the Presidency. The Democratic candidate for Mayor was Ritchie's choice. And Ritchie went so far as to make speeches for him during the cam¦paign.

Jonathan Corrects John

GR

REAT BRITAIN will not receive in war debt payments from her allies any more than she has to pay the United States. That fact is finally established to the agreement-if not the satisfaction -of all parties.

The British Government took exception to a statement made by the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Mellon, in his reply to a public letter of President Hibben, of Princeton, urging reconsideration of the war debt agreements. Mr. Mellon was quoted as saying that our war debtors would receive in reparations from Germany more than they would have to pay the United States. Winston Churchill, Chancellor of the British Exchequer, took exception in a long note to the Administration in Washington. He pointed out that Great Britain's share of reparations is less than her war debts, and that the announced policy of Great Britain is to require from her allies only enough to balance her debt payments.

Mr. Mellon admitted the truth of this contention, and explained the inaccuracy in his statement by the fact that a phrase excepting Great Britain had been inadvertently left out of the text as published. He argued, however, that, since he treated the case of Great Britain separately in following sections, his intended meaning was entirely clear.

Mr. Mellon's basic argument, therefore, stands. If Great Britain is neither to lose nor to gain by the war debt transaction, then the problem is simply transferred to the Continent of Europe. The British note raised again the whole question of modification or remission of

the debts. That would mean either to let the Allies secure the German reparations while America pays off her own war leans, foreign as well as domestic, or else to let Germany off the payment of war damages. A question may remain as to the final form in which it is most advisable to liquidate the war debts. But there is no indication that the people of the United States are prepared to accept either of these other two alternatives.

Differences of opinion between Great Britain and the United States over the British restriction of rubber production; a proposal by Japan for neutralization of the Suez Canal, the Straits of Gibraltar, the Panama Canal, and any future Nicaraguan Canal; the problems presented by the growth of international trusts in Europe-these were a few of the issues that cropped up in the preliminary speeches. Now the Conference has divided itself up into three main commissions on commerce, industry, and agriculture-and set to work. Henry M. Robinson, Los Angeles banker, member of the Dawes Committee and chairman of the American delegation at Geneva, represents the United States in the Commission on Industry. Norman H. Davis, formerly Assistant Secretary of the Treasury and Assistant Secretary of State, is official reporter for the Commission on Commerce; and Dr. Julius H. Klein, Director of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, is also a member of that Commission. Dr. Alonzo E. Taylor, Director of the Food Research Institute, Stanford University, California, is a member of the Commission on Agriculture.

The significance of the Geneva sessions and the American precedent for them set by President Roosevelt are graphically outlined by Professor Charles Hodges in his article in this issue of The Outlook. The proceedings and results of the Conference will be full of mean

ing and importance to the United States.

Italy Disturbs Europe

more than that, it is disturbing to the Balkans and to Europe.

Jugoslavia, Albania's immediate neighbor to the north and east, sees in the treaty a tendency to establish an Italian protectorate over Albania and effect a complete Italian control of the entrance

to the Adriatic. That would mean command of Jugoslavia's only direct access to the sea lanes of international trade; and consequently the Government at Belgrade is greatly exercised. A Ministry which was organized on the basis of diplomatic co-operation with Italy has resigned; and the new Ministry is proposing to submit the whole question first to Jugoslavia's allies of the "Little Entente"-Czechoslovakia and Rumania.

Italy has charged that Jugoslavia was mobilizing troops on the Albanian frontier, with a view to supporting an uprising to overthrow the administration in Albania, and has threatened to take action to aid the present Government. Jugoslavia has denied the charge, and

has offered both to submit to an investigation by the League of Nations and to enter into direct dealings with Italy regarding the dispute.

Great Britain, France, and Germany have brought pressure to bear on Italy, in the effort to secure a pledge that Italy would never invoke the Treaty of Tirana to justify intervention in Albania. But Italy has repelled both the suggestion of League action and of any negotiations involving the Treaty of Tirana, as an agreement between sovereign states.

By her recent treaty with Rumania, Italy may have the power to split up the "Little Entente." If this should happen, the peace of eastern Europe would be seriously menaced—and, in consequence, the peace of the rest of Europe, for the other Powers could not afford to let Italy determine the course of affairs there without taking a hand. The dispute between Italy and Jugoslavia over Albania, therefore, is regarded as the most dangerous issue at the moment in Europe.

In a timely article in this issue of The Outlook Lady Aberdeen shows the spirit of the women of the Balkans, and their concern-in the midst of political turmoil for the promotion of peace.

Pierre Carrier-Belleuse signing the "Pathéon de la Guerre" in Paris before it was shipped to the United States. He was the leader of the eighteen French artists who worked on the mammoth painting throughout the four years of conflict

ginning to write in September, 1914, did not lay down their pens until August, 1918; but the eighteen painters who worked on the panoramic canvas, which in its completed form measures 47 by 402 feet and weighs five tons, worked for four years on their pictorial recounting of the tragic events of that period.

Beginning with portraits of the French, they added, section by section, the Allies as they joined the cause. England, Belgium, Italy, America-in all, the twenty-three Allies-are to be found. among the 6,000 figures on the canvas. In this throng are every crowned head, every President, every army or navy commander, every head of the Red Cross and other war activities; ambassadors, ministers of state; poilus and Tommies and doughboys. Many women are represented. All figures are life-size. The panorama has been housed for

eight years in the heart of Paris, where multitudes of American pilgrims have already seen it. Now, in America, it is the guest of our citizens.

Ambassador Herrick officiated at the impressive farewell ceremony which bade "Bon voyage" to the mammoth tableau on March 27, the 150th anniversary of the departure of Lafayette from the shores of France to give aid to the struggling American colonists. Then followed the winding of the panorama on the spindle which had been constructed for it. It was put on board a liner at Havre on April 13, the anniversary of the birth of Thomas Jefferson, the first Ambassador from America to France and a close friend of Lafayette from the time the latter reached colonial shores until death parted them.

It is under the auspices of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation of New

York that the largest parcel ever to be shipped across the sea makes its voyage. In spite of its unwieldy size, after a long exhibition at the Madison Square Garden in New York, opening on May 15, the painting will travel to other American cities in which arrangements for proper housing can be made, then down into South America, and finally to England. It deserves royal treatment, for it is an eloquent, moving ambassador.

Prophecies and Publicity

E

VERY few years Joanna Southcott's box of prophecies leaps into newspaper publicity. The other day cable despatches from London announced that Joanna's mahogany mystery casket was to be opened "if all other tests fail."

Just why it should be important for a waiting world to learn about the contents of this box without its being opened is not stated, but it was certainly good publicity for the London Laboratory of Psychical Research to have a try.

It was said X-rays, nocto-vision (the process by which things may be seen through a fog), psychometry, television, and just plain telepathy were to be employed.

Later despatches admitted that psychic powers had failed, but that X-rays showed "outlines of a skull, scissors, a horse-pistol, a bead bag, rings, coins, pins, a roll of manuscript or a dice-box, and other articles." A singular combination!

The original legend was that the box must not be opened except in a national crisis and in the presence of twenty-four bishops. If Joanna hoped that the box should never be opened, she could hardly have schemed better, for it has been impossible to get twenty-four bishops together to risk derision.

Joanna Southcott was a servant girl who became a preacher. She died in 1814. Such of her writings as have been preserved are mystical, fanatical, and unintelligible. The box, it is alleged, came down to our time, first through a friend of Joanna's, one Rebecca Pengarth; then through Rebecca's son John, a gardener; then through his employer -unnamed, but said to have left Devonshire for Africa. One hopes that there is some better kind of evidence than appears in these despatches as to the history and authenticity of the box and its contents.

of Christ in the Passion Play at Oberammergau, hallowed as it has been by tradition, has seemed to such a dangerous venture in the direction of exploiting the religious. Yet there is no such feeling about the depiction of Christ by the art of the painter. Intrinsically, there is no reason why one art as well as another should not depict and interpret the life of Christ, provided it is governed by reverence both for the subject and for the feelings of those to whom it is sacred. For the most part the production on the screen of the salient episodes in the life of Christ and of the Crucifixion and Resurrection in "The King of Kings" is in the spirit of Christian pictorial art. Indeed, in some instances it is manifestly based upon paintings of the masters. If it is legitimate to represent Christ in a still picture, why not in one that moves and seems to live? The part of Christ on the screen may be likened to the model who serves the painter in his depiction of the Christ on canvas. In this case it is taken by a man who very obviously feels the responsibility put upon him. It is a manly Christ that is depicted, masculine, gracious, restrained, and dignified, human and not lacking in a human sense of humor. In this respect the figure of Christ in this moving picture seems truer than it is in many a well-known painting.

Of all the parts of this dramatic production by Cecil B. De Mille the same praise cannot be given that is due to most of it. The art of the motion picture has not reached the heights that the art of painting reached several hundred years ago, and the artistic sense of the American motion-picture producer falls far short of that of the Italian masters of painting. What may be called the Hollywood complex obtrudes here as elsewhere. At the very beginning Mary Magdalene is represented as the usual Hollywood lady in a palace of the usual Hollywood style; and Judas Iscariot is portrayed as the most favored of her lovers. The somewhat garish employment of technicolor in this part of the film, which lacks the tone which justified its use in Douglas Fairbanks's "The Black Pirate," intensifies the impression of bad taste. Incidentally, even credulity is strained by depicting this rich man as later betraying his Master for the paltry sum of thirty pieces of silver. Unhappily, the picture is marred too by the descent to the standards of Easter cards when it attempts the portrayal of the Resurrection. Nothing there is left to the imagination. What is substituted destroys the effect of the film at the point where it ought to be most effective.

On minor defects it would be unfair

Wide World

Bishop Lawrence retires

to lay stress. That the boy Mark, whose part is taken by a charming and able boy actor, shows no effect on his white skin of the Palestinian sun is not likely to trouble in the least most spectators. There is ground too for discussion of the question whether the effect of the film is helped or hindered by the attempt to depict the miraculous. Here, however, the film follows the tradition of the painters and takes the story as it finds it in the Scriptures. Except for the episode of the conversion of Mary Magdalene, the emphasis is on the essential rather than on the magical.

The effect upon the audience is obvious. The film receives a greater tribute from the spectators' silence than it could receive from their applause.

A Bishop of All the People

T the age of seventy-three, as he

AT

says, "for my years in full vigor," Bishop Lawrence, of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, has resigned his jurisdiction and title. When his resignation is accepted, as it doubtless will be by the House of Bishops on June 1, he will cease to be Bishop of Massachusetts, but will remain Bishop Lawrence. He has enlarged his diocese so as to include all whom he may serve.

As a matter of fact, Bishop Lawrence has never been confined by his diocese or his communion. From the beginning of his episcopate thirty-four years ago he has taken a wide view of his office. An instance of his spirit in this respect was given in a letter which he wrote to a group of protesting Episcopal clergymen about seven years after he was consecrated. These clergymen complained because a Unitarian minister had made an address at the laying of the cornerstone of a Protestant Episcopal church. Bishop Lawrence's reply was more than a rebuke to these narrow-minded men; it was a tribute to the religious influence of a body of Christians whose very recognition these clergymen had declared to be an insult to God. In the course of his letter he reminded these clergymen that in the Episcopal hymnal is a hymn written by a Unitarian-"Nearer, My God, to Thee." And he continued:

We are entering into the fruits of the labors of the religious life of New England, and are gathering many within our Church whose spiritual life has been gained elsewhere. We believe that we can lead them on in spiritual life, else we were better not here. For nearly two centuries the Christian religion, as the pastor and the people of Cohasset have understood it, has been preached and practiced in the village. God has been worshiped, the name of Christ revered, and a Christian community upbuilt. Had they waited for the Episcopal Church, we should have found there last week a community of heathen. Now that the Episcopal Church is entering the village, how graceful a thing it was that the pastor of the First Church, instead of meeting it with hostility or a moody silence, should have been present at the laying of the corner-stone, and have welcomed the Church into the fruits of the labors of the ancient parish!

This spirit of Bishop Lawrence's is more than the spirit of tolerance. It is needed in this day and generation, although, thanks to Bishop Lawrence and such men as he and the rector of the church whose act the Bishop defended, it may not be as rare as it once was. All

who know Bishop Lawrence will welcome him to his wider ministry.

The Hall of Fame

WHEN, just recently, the busts of

Benjamin Franklin, Washington Irving, Admiral Farragut, Audubon the naturalist, and Mary Lyon, founder of Mount Holyoke College, were unveiled in the Hall of Fame established by New York University, some surprise was expressed that these eminent Americans. should not have been added to the gallery of distinguished citizens long ago. The surprise, however, was based on lack of knowledge as to the history and method of bestowing these honors. It may be worth while, therefore, to state how this bestowal of honor is actually carried on.

Something over twenty-five years ago the New York University received gifts amounting to $250,000 to be applied to the erection of a "Hall of Fame for Great Americans." With these funds it erected a colonnade four hundred feet long, with spaces for 150 panels or tablets to bear the names of various Americans, with the restriction that the persons chosen must have been dead ten years. The names are selected by a body of one hundred and one electors. Fifty names were chosen and inscribed at the beginning; five are added every fifth year. Sixty-five have been admitted up to date, but not more than onethird of this number have as yet received the final honor of the installing of bronze busts. As we understand it, the University does not undertake to do this; the installing of the busts depends on outside initiative. Thus it happens that memorial tablets have long been placed in honor of the Americans named above, but that the busts are only now ready.

The exercises on this occasion were dignified and interesting and were attended by many eminent men. The addresses made and the letters read were remarkable for the justness with which these great Americans were described. Thus President Coolidge in his letter called Benjamin Franklin "a composite American," and amply justified that phrase by his review of Franklin's life. Another happy tribute was that of Mr. Royal Cortissoz to Mary Lyon; he said that "her own hunger for knowledge made her sensitive to the longing and the needs of other women." The Spanish Ambassador to the United States recalled Washington Irving's love of Spanish history and art and declared, "What I admire most in Irving is that he con

a life of extreme poverty in his youth, shared by his more distinguished brother, Hiram, who became a man of title in England. The latter invented the most destructive of machine guns, while his son devised a muffler that silences the sound of explosion in lethal weapons. One other brother, who went to war in the sixties at sixteen, was killed by a bullet through the brow in his first action. The rest of the family never rose above the surface. Mr. Maxim led the varied life of an active-minded American, and besides inventing, wrote books one a guide to the correct writing of poetry, another on the freaks of explosives, and a third, in interview form, detailing his own career. It is an extraordinary human document, as might be expected from the story of so extraordinary a man. Nine years old before he even knew the alphabet, he was twenty-five when he graduated from the Kents Hill Seminary in Maine, yet few men lived more amply-or did more to help kill off their fellow-beings.

Benjamin Ide Wheeler

country's history."

of the University of California

for twenty-eight years Benjamin Ide Wheeler, who died in Vienna on May 2, saw it grow from an enrollment of less than 2,500 to one of over 20,000 students, and from a slender institution in equipment to the position of one of the

most influential universities in the country. Much of this growth was directly attributable to Dr. Wheeler's administration. He was equally valuable to the University as an inspiring teacher and as a vigorous executive.

Dr. Wheeler was a classical scholar in the full sense, caring for beauty and literary art as well as for form and philology. He studied in Germany, traveled in Greece, filled positions as instructor at Harvard and as professor at Cornell in Greek and philology, and at one time served as a professor in the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

One comment passed upon him since his death has been that "he became in his own person one of the legatees of that culture which flourished in ancient Greece."

As head of one of the greatest of our State universities Dr. Wheeler was eminently successful in keeping the higher teaching out of the toils of politics. He was a fine figure in American educational life, and an illustration in his own person of both cultural and constructive qualities.

The Snyder Murder
Mystery

I

IN the annals of crime the murder of Albert Snyder in a suburban house on the outskirts of New York on Long Island can scarcely have been surpassed for sordid baseness. All the essential facts and a multitude of unessential details in the case are publicly as well known as if the crime itself with its vile preliminaries had been committed in full view of all the world. For months before the crime was committed the wife of the victim and her paramour, a corset salesman named Gray, had discussed various means of perpetrating this murder. Evidently the initiative throughout was with the woman, but the man was a willing, though at times horrified, partner in the plot. The newspapers have recounted the whole gruesome story with sickening reiteration. And yet, though practically all the outward facts in this crimes are ever known, the Snyder case case are known more fully than most remains to all who think of it one of the profoundest of mysteries.

There are two well-recognized types of criminals. One consists of those who are criminals by profession. They have chosen to be cr have otherwise become