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offering themselves as Candidates for the B. A. Degree.

Whilst therefore freely owning my obligations to Mr. Dickson for much valuable information, I am induced at the same time to hope, that the subject-matter admits of being presented in a somewhat more inviting form, so as to contribute to a better understanding, not only of the Scriptores Rei Rustica themselves, but also of works which, like the Georgics of Virgil, fall within the compass of ordinary reading.

Moreover, the present work embraces a wider range than Mr. Dickson's professes to do, embodying more completely the idea which the Roman writers entertained of Rural Economy, or Res Rustica, which comprehended, not merely tillage, but also the culture of the vineyard and orchard, the treatment of Domestic Animals of all kinds, the cultivation of a Garden, and other collateral subjects.

On all these several topics therefore I have entered in the course of these Lectures, and have thus endeavoured to supply the blank which exists in these respects in Mr. Dickson's work;

whilst it has been my endeavour from time to time to throw some additional light upon the condition of Roman Society, by availing myself of the notices respecting it scattered over the Works under my consideration.

I have also thought it incumbent upon me to point out, what is known with respect to the nature of the plants mentioned in the Roman writers; although I have been in general more disposed to bring forward what has been suggested by others, than to add any thing of my own; under a sense of the uncertainty which prevails upon this subject, owing to the conflicting statements of ancient authors, and the general vagueness of their descriptions.

In appending an Index to so small a Work, my principal motive has been, to enable the Classical Student to acquaint himself more readily with the meaning of those technical terms, which are employed by the Latin Writers in connexion with Agriculture, and other branches of Rural Eco

nomy.

CONTENTS.

LECTURE I.

Introductory remarks. Reasons for confining ourselves
chiefly to the system of Agriculture presented in the
treatise of Columella. First work on Roman agriculture
extant, that of Cato the Censor-character of that per-
sonage his merits and defects-influence of his hatred
of Carthage upon the general interests of humanity-his
work on Rural Economy unmethodical-general sketch
of its contents-reasons why he places the culture of corn
lower in the scale of importance than other descriptions
of Husbandry.-Inquiries to be made by the landlord on
visiting his farm-why more importance is not attached
by him to manuring-other subjects noticed in his work-
superstitious usages recommended by him.

On Varro's work De Re Rustica-notice of the life of the
Author what subjects he includes under the science of
Agriculture-inferences as to the salubrity of ancient
Italy as gathered from his remarks his classification of
the different kinds of soil, compared with the modern one
of Schubler.On the Farm-house or Villa- different
kinds of manure mentioned-rotation of crops hinted
at different kinds of animals kept for domestic pur-
poses instances of Varro's fondness for tracing ety-
mologies.

LECTURE III.

ON THE 2ND BOOK OF COLUMELLA.

Whether the Earth is becoming effete-modern notions on
this subject. Different kinds of soil distinguished.—On
draining, as practised by the ancients.-Test of the rich-
ness of a soil.-On paring and burning, as practised by
the Romans—its advantages stated by Virgil.-On imple-
ments used in Roman Husbandry. The plough derived
from the hoe-description of that described by Hesiod
--and by Virgil.-Wheeled ploughs mentioned as being
introduced into Roman Husbandry at a later period.-
The irpex-the rastrum-the sarculum-the ligo or pala
-the marra―the bidens--the falx, its different kinds.

LECTURE IV.

COLUMELLA, BOOK II. CONCLUDED.

Crops cultivated by the Romans.-Far or semen adoreum-
triticum―arinca-oryza-sesamum-secale-avena—mi-
lium-panicum.-Different kinds of far-of triticum.-Of
hordeum-used in making beer-and polenta.-faba—
medica-vicia-foenum Græcum-ervum-cicera-canna-
bis-linum-rapa-napus. -Operations of Husbandry
considered.-Ploughing-number of ploughings directed,
and the time of year for each.-Fallowing-sowing-rela-
tive quantity of seed to an acre sown in modern and an-
cient times-calculation of the labour required for culti-
vating the different crops-manuring-marling. Meadow
land of two kinds, dry and irrigated-practice of irriga-
tion.-Reaping-winnowing-threshing.—What things
may be lawfully done on holydays.

LECTURE V.

COLUMELLA, BOOKS III. IV. V.

On the culture of vines-choice of situation for a vineyard-
choice of a suitable variety-whether vine cultivation is
profitable quantity of wine obtained in ancient and mo-
dern times from an acre-pastinatio, or preparation of
the ground-planting in trenches, and in furrows-time
for planting. On grafting-notions of the ancients on the
possibility of grafting one plant upon another-modern
notion, as to the definite duration of the graft, refuted.-
Practical directions with respect to vineyards-constant
attention necessary in vine culture. The olive, not so de-
pendent on assiduous culture as the vine-where it is best
grown-great importance attached to the olive in ancient
times. Shrubs or arbusta cultivated for the sake of the
vine. On the Cytisus of the ancients.

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