the component parts of the Empire are joined together by a tie of loyalty to the throne and by the sense of fellowship arising by common enjoyment of the widest possible political, social and religious freedom. The Channel Islands, for instance, he says, retain their own language and have their own legislature, coinage and military service. The Isle of Man is an even more striking example for the author, for it is inhabited by a Celtic race, whose characteristics are not dissimilar from those of the Irish, yet the ancient, autocratic House of Keys. has been for forty years a representative body. Why should Ireland be deprived of a full measure of what this neighboring island enjoys and what is enjoyed in the Province of Quebec, which, French and Roman Catholic through and through, is to day happy and prosperous because, as Lord Dunraven points out, of the application of a wise system of devolution, authority having been delegated from the Imperial Parliament to the Parliament of the Dominion Federation and by it to the Parliaments of Quebec and the other federating Canadian provinces. This is real home rule, as understood in Canada and Australia. Most remarkable of all, even in India British statesmanship has been able to evolve a method of government not subversive of the central authority, but as our observer shows, delegating to localities and communities a considerable share in administrative work.

In all this, Lord Dunraven concludes, Great Britain has applied two analogous principles to her outlying possessions : (1) to ancient communities she has reserved their distinctive characteristics, usages, laws, languages, and governing powers; (2) to new and developing communities she has delegated power. Great Britain's one failure, as he impressively charges, is due to the negation of these twin principles-to the attempt both to obliterate distinctive characteristics and usages and to produce absolute homogeneity by force. But Ireland cannot be absorbed or obliterated, nor can her affairs be adequately managed by the Imperial Parliament. Like Quebec compared to the rest of Canada, so Ireland's population is for the most part racially different from the people of Great Britain, and Ireland's agricultural, industrial, educational, financial, commercial, political, and social problems demand different methods of treatment from those across the Irish Sea. Quebec sends representatives to a central legislature at Ottawa, so Ireland sends representatives to a central legislature at London. But, unlike Quebec, Ireland has little independent control over its own affairs. In Quebec there is prosperity and contentment, in Ireland misery and discontent. To change the latter into the former conditions, there should be applied, as Lord Dunraven very clearly and truly declares, the principle of devolution.

As

and of most of the notables of their time, have fresh light thrown on them by letters preserved in the French. Archives du Ministère des Affaires étrangères and documents from State papers on French affairs in the British Record Office, many of them here published for the first time; the correspondence between Charles and his "dearest Minette," as he called his sister, being especially noteworthy in this respect, and as a revelation of tender and faithful affection, aside from its general historical interest.

Our Heritage the Sea

Anything on matters maritime from this writer must be taken as expert testimony, and he has here given us a peculiarly novel

and fascinating volume' in a book which is at once scientific without the burden of scientific nomenclature, and romantic without being at all a romance. How comprehensive a view of the various aspects of his subject Mr. Bullen presents may be seen by a glance at these chapter-headings: "The Ocean as the World's Reservoir of Health," "The Winds of the Ocean," "The Clouds," "Ocean Currents," "The Tides," The Ocean as a Source of Food Supply," "Ocean the Universal Highway," "The Ocean Unexplored and Unexplorable," "The Ocean as a Battle-field," etc. Incidentally it may be remarked that, in spite of his splendid and timely advocacy of peace in the last-mentioned chapter and elsewhere, Mr. Bullen himself seems not averse dealing out bloodless thrusts, as in one place he alludes to critics of the British navy as "foreign liars" and "home-bred traitors," and in another contrasts Protestants with "bigoted" Roman Catholics, referring to the power of their organization as "the vast tyranny of the Romish Church." He also rather persistently scolds a perverse generation for their interest in the daily newspaper, football, bridge, and other joys of existence instead of in the serious subjects that employ his own attention. But this, if a bit questionable in point of taste and consistency, is only a minor blemish in a work the major portion of which is most stimulating

and instructive.

Aggressive French Christianity

American and English Christians are not as wellinformed as they might be about the ideas, ideals and actual aggressive work accomplished by French Christians. As the vast majority of French men and women are Roman Catholics. a volume such as M. Bonet-Maury 2 is always useful to impress upon the minds, not only of Frenchmen themselves, but of Christians all over the world, and especially of Protestants, what has been and is being accomplished by France in the development of morals and religion. The world Congress of Religions at Chicago in 1893 furnished the occasion for a fuller appreciation of this, and the accounts of the Congress by M. Bonet-Maury and Dr. Barrows called attention of a yet wider circle to the too little appreciated endeavors of various bodies of Christians in other parts of the world than In M. Bonet-Maury's present volume we see the broad ideals underlying the work of France in particular in her missions in

ours.

1 Our Heritage the Sea. By Frank T. Bullen, F.R.G.S. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. $1.50, net.

2 France: Christianisme et Civilization. Par G. BonetMaury. Hachette et Cie, Paris, France.

to

Africa and Asia. The author of "L'Islamisme" knows well how to put to the fore his countrymen's beneficial influence, especially among the blacks, but he by no means forgets to praise Livingston's monumental achievement as does M. Anatole LeroyBeaulieu, in his preface to the volume. If one figure, however, stands out more clearly than another it is that heroic one of the late Cardinal Lavigerie, Primate of Algeria, a missionary of apostolic temper and fire, a man worthy to stand alongside the church fathers themselves. In his "Quatre Portraits" the late Jules Simon had already instructed the world as to Lavigerie's true place in history. The present volume impressively emphasizes the lesson.

The Old Engravers

The old print which hangs on the wall is apt to picture the life of long ago better than the pen portraits of the printed page. This is particularly true of English prints and of English life. Copper plate engraving first appeared in England about the middle of the sixteenth century. Two hundred years later the art had developed its various branches so as to interpret life with both comprehensiveness and intimacy. Engravers now had a wide choice of medium in line, mezzotint, stipple, etching, aquatint. In these various forms we find visualized Evelyn, Horace Walpole, Fanny Burney and the impressions we receive from Pepys, the rest. If the old prints are worth any one's attention first of all because of their intrinsic merit as works of art, they are worth quite as much because they link us intimately with the past. They represent, as does nothing else quite so well, the human atmosphere of other days. A book has always been needed which should unite these two view points of art and life. At last it has come in Mr. Malcolm Salaman's description of the old engravers of England and their relation to contemporary art and life.* Mr. Salaman writes in charming style. His text is both entertaining and instructive and is illustrated by many excellently reproduced pictures.

enduring good. The courage and gentleness, the energy and patience, the self-devotion and tactfulness of the ideal missionary were all illustrated in him, and he did not lack "the saving grace" of a sense of humor. The narrative is blended with sketches of the land and the people, their ways, and the lights and shadows thence resulting. Especially noticeable are the indications of an active interest of both officers and privates of the British army in Christian missions, outrunning a timid policy of the civil gov

ernment.

This thick volume is divided England and into three books, "The Soul the English of London," ""The Heart of the Country," ," "The Spirit of the People." As an "interpretation "-it is so styled by

I

the author-it does not appear to us particulary illuminating, though a very great number of words have been used in the attempt to make it so. To the divisions already mentioned a voluminous "author's note" is prefixed, supplemented by one of similar length, in which egotism and oversophistication of view-point and utterance contend, as, indeed, they do throughout. Most right-minded people being at least reverent if not devout, the tone of tolerant condescension toward "revealed religion," especially manifest in this "L'envoi" and in the chapter on "Faiths" in Book III., seems peculiarly offensive, and to the orthodox believer must appear blasphemous. The volume has several good illustrations by Henry Hyde.

In this remarkable The Greatness and work we have at length Decline of Rome what might have been expected. Italy, reunited and once more a world-power enthroned at Rome, now takes from foreign hands the congenial task of writing the history of the ancient world-power of which she was the home. Hereafter Mommsen, Merivale, and others, however meritorious their work, will not suffice the modern reader apart from this Italian interpreter of the mistress of the ancient world. In his view the Roman world-conquest exhibits a colossal case of experiences recurring when ever a national industrial democracy grows up on the ruins of an agricultural aristocracy. The oft-related events of Roman his tory serve him as the thread which connects his story of changing economic conditions and social life, and the motives and policy of political leaders. The two volumes which

1 England and the English: An Interpretation. By Ford Madox Hueffer. McClure, Phillips & Co., New York. $2. The Greatness and Decline of Rome In 2 vols. By Guglielmo Ferrero. Translated by Alfred E. Zimmern, M.A. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. $5.25, net.

form the first instalment of the history cover the period of the military and commercial expansion of Rome in the Mediterranean basin down to the date of Cæsar's death. A few passages will indicate the central interest of the historian. Near the end of the second century B. C. Marius and Scaurus stand forth as early specimens of the selfmade man, and of "the new Italian bourgeoisie.. the nucleus of the first real Italian nation in history," the result of "much the same causes as have contributed, be tween 1848 and the present day, to that Italian bourgeoisie which is the nucleus of twentiethcentury Italy.' The period of the first Triumvirate witnessed an industrial revolution analogous to that of the nineteenth century; of rejuvenation as Europe and the United "Italy was passing through the same period States at the present day," and encountering our own problems, among them "the contradiction between the sentiment of democracy and the unequal distribution of wealth." Of Rome's "first and greatest lyric poet," Catullus, the historian remarks that his work is sufficiently accounted for by Cæsar's politisionate could only be poured forth in an age cal revolution. Poetry so personal and paswhen the wealthy and cultured classes had embarked in the pursuit of enjoyment, "abandoning the affairs of government to a Cæsar, Mommsen's estimate of him is set class of professional politicians." As to aside as biased by "fanatical admiration for his hero." He is described as an "incom

parable opportunist," but not a great statesman, a remarkable genius, who "under twentieth-century conditions might have become a captain of industry in the United States, an empire-builder in South Africa, or a scientist or man of letters in Europe, with a worldwide influence." His mission was that of a Titanic destroyer. In him were "personified all the revolutionary forces, magnificent, but devastating, of a mercantile age in conflict with the traditions of an old-world society. . . . His greatest work for posterity was the conquest of Gaul, to which he himself attributed little importance." Why he undertook it is still problematical. The present account differs widely from the common, and is defended at length in a critical appendix. However familiar with Roman history one may be, he will find an attractive freshness throughout these volumes.

A book of rare and manysided A Gallery interest is this work of an old of Tories hand in the Conservative, or Tory party, of which Lord Beaconsfield, formerly Mr. Disraeli, was in his later years the

1 Lord Beaconsfield and Other Tory Memories. By T. E. Kebbel. Mitchell Kennerley, New York City. $4, net.

great leader. Between him and the author existed that intimate friendship which gives value to the reminiscences here preserved. The larger part of the volume is devoted to reminiscences of a multitude of other Tory characters of all classes from lords to peasants, a long train of anecdotes concerning whom, jocose, sarcastic, or grotesque, gives pith and point to its commemoration of them. Town life and country life, Tory clubs and Tory inns, the university and the village, Tory sportsmen, agriculturalists and journalists, Tory democracy and literature, statesmen and ladies, come into view as the kaleidoscope turns, and always in a genial, often in a humorous aspect. As Mr. Kebbel was persona grata in the best Tory society, of course he knew it well; and as he was for thirty-four years a writer for such a journal as the (London) Standard, he wields a practiced pen. That he is also a classicist, who remembers his Greek and Latin well enough to make pat quotations, adds the flavor to his pages which scholars prize. Altogether it is a capital book for leisure hours.

Growth and Education

the farm, is forcing attention to the defects and mistakes of current educational practice, to which this enlightening volume brings sound scientific and practical correctives. Tables of physical measurements and a bibliography covering the lines of study opened in the text enhance its value.

The Cambridge Modern History

It is a tumultuous period with which this fresh volI ume of an invaluable work is concerned-the period of reaction and ebullition which followed the close of the Napoleonic wars. The visions of universal union and peace which had hovered over the conferences of the allied powers of Europe soon vanished, to reappear only in our own day at The Hague. The first half of the nineteenth century, marked by the ferment of new ideas, by great economic changes and literary movements, by new national aspirations, and the birth of new States, was a period of unstable equilibrium, both evolutionary and revolutionary. These characteristic features of it appear in the course of the twenty-four chapters contributed to this volume by British and Continental scholars, each a specialist in his theme. That part of the field which lies closest to American interest is the continent which stretches from our southern border to the Strait of Magellan. The story of the achievement of its independence is introduced by an illuminating history of the Spanish dominion for the three centuries preceding, with an estimate of it not unmingled with admiration-" from the middle of the sixteenth century the dominant note of the Spanish dominion is peace," a peace unknown there before or since the Spanish

era.

Among many important treatises on education now competing for attention none of higher importance than this has come to our notice. Its fundamental proposition, that the physical basis of education is the thing to be first secured, should by this time be familiar enough, but what this involves and demands most parents and teachers have yet to learn. The human being who is getting his growth needs the sort of education that will help him get it. The young child is to develop out of the animal stage, in which the sense-organs and muscles dominate, into the human stage, with the brain controlling the vital system, and it is through the exercise of the former that the brain has to gain development. Significant it is, that careful manual training in the use of tools proved an effective cure for the dullness in simple arithmetic shown by inmates of a reformatory. To know the stages of growth and development of the several physical organs in the successive periods of early life promotes intelligent supply of the kinds and amounts of exercise required in each period. Large information on this point is presented here. It is certain that study of one sort or another is forced upon many children before they are ripe for it; certain, also, that the power of doing fails of proper training at the time when the creative, constructive instinct is budding. The strain of life, especially in the cities, where children miss the physical development gotten in the old time life on

1 Growth and Education. By John Mason Tyler. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.. Boston. $1.50, net.

Due credit is given for the helping hand extended to the young republics by the United States, offset by a charge of responsibility for prolonging the Spanish power in Cuba and Porto Rico. Other specially attractive chapters treat of Catholic emancipation in Great Britain; Canada as the birthplace of Britain's modern colonial policy; the revolution in English poetry and fiction; economic change; the British economists. The historian remarks that after the political earthquake which had convulsed Europe the search for a stable basis of authority was divided by conflicting theories, the one basing it on the old relig ious sanctions of the established order, the other on utilitarian science grounded in observed facts. Between these a conflict went on throughout the changeful period

1 The Cambridge Modern History. Planned by the Late Lord Acton, LL.D. Edited by A. W. Ward, Litt.D., G. W. Prothero, Litt.D., and Stanley Leathes, M.A. Vol. X. The Restoration. The Macmillan Company, New York. $4, net.

English

This massive volume' by a great and statesman

Congregationalism like leader of English Congregationalism has interest for many of other names, Episcopalians and Presbyterians especially, as well as all Americans to whom the development of religious freedom and the delimitation of the spheres of Church and State form an attractive subject. Names stand for variable things in the three hundred years of history here reviewed. A Congregational church now denotes simply an independent church associated with others equally independent. Originally, says Dr. Dale, it denoted a society not constituted simply by free contract of its members, but regarding itself as an organ of Christ's will, and subsisting in vital union with him as its head. To this conception Dr. Dale holds it still. Between the Presbyterianism of Cromwell's time and ours important differences appear. Puritanism and Anglicanism in Cromwell's time had both changed for the worse since the time of Elizabeth. The effect of her policy Dr. Dale sees as both for better and for worse. It strengthened her power, and so prevented the suppression of Protestantism in Europe. But it promoted a revival of Catholic tendencies in English Protestantism, which under the Stuart kings were baneful to church and throne, and to-day are working for schism. Cromwell was a Congregationalist-an "Independent," in the phrase of that time. His army was mainly composed of Independents. In Parliament, till" purged "by the army, the majority were Presbyterians, who viewed with horror the execution of the king by the Independents. After the restoration of the monarchy, the history traces the development of the Congregational churches from feebleness to strength, along with that of other dissenters from Episcopacy, and records their achievements for religious liberty and national education in opposition to the proscriptive policy of the State Church, now attenuated and ere long to disappear. For a historical understanding of the peculiarities of religious life in England this history is eminently in

structive.

In this volume 2 the lectures

Pragmatism to which the students of Columbia University flocked last winter are given to the larger number who have been on the watch for their publication. Pragmatism, as expounded by Mr. F. C. S.

History of English Congregationalism. By R. W. Dale, D.D., LL.D.. Completed and Edited by A. W. Dale. A. C. Armstrong & Son, New York. $4, net.

Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. By William James. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. $1.25, net. Postage, 13 cents.

Professor James, "abominably misunderstood." He characterizes some attacks on it as "impudent slander," and devotes himself to its vindication. To Pilate's queshe would reply, tion, "What's truth?" Truth comprises all principles, ideas, and beliefs that lead in the long run to the best practical results. Pragmatism is the same method in philosophy that utilitarianism is in ethics, which pronounces monogamy right and gambling wrong, not by previous intuition, but by the test of experience. What wears best is good; and, because proved good, is true. Pragmatism, also called Humanism from its insistence on practical human needs, commends itself to those who find the rarefied empyrean of rationalism too thin to breathe in, and prefer the lower levels of the habitable world. Whether a philosopher be a pragmatist or a rationalist, Professor James regards as dependent on his intellectual temperament. His well-known vivacious and breezy style of address, garnished here and there with racy colloquialisms, working, as it does, to enliven attention to his argument, is itself felicitously pragmatic. That the pragmatic method of philosophy trends toward materialism is certainly untrue. "If," says Professor James, "the hypothesis of God works satisfactorily in the widest sense of the word, it is true. Whatever its residual difficulties may be, experience shows that it certainly does work, and that the problem is to build it out and determine it so that it will combine satisfactorily with all the other working truths." Humorously dividing thinkers into "tough-minded," more intent upon experienced facts, and the "tender-minded," more intent on ideas and principles, these lectures set forth the pragmatic method as serviceable for unstiffening the theories which keep them apart, and helping them to get together.

the

With this fifth volume' the series Luther's of Luther's sermons on Gos"Postils' pel texts for the Sundays and festival days of the Christian year is complete. The present issue includes twenty-six of his "postils "-expository homilies-covering the period from the second Sunday after Easter to Trinity Sunday, inclusive. Their predominating theme is the work of the Spirit, and they may be classed as missionary sermons. This is not only their first translation into English, but their first unabridged translation into any language. It is in this series of discourses that Luther is considered to have been at his best.

1The Precious and Sacred Writings of Martin Luther. Vol. XII. Edited by John Nicholas Lenker, D.D. Lutherans in All Lands Company, Minneapolis Minn.