inter-State commerce by the Federal Government." It is possible that Massachusetts and New York have some regard to that ideal harmony, but the very animus of legislative enactment by the States in general with respect to transportation charges is selfish interest. Their purpose is to promote the commercial success and prosperity of their own citizens, and the tariffs which they enforce upon the railways are designed to that end. Usually very low rates from distributing centers are the method chosen to make it less advantageous for the inter-State competitor to distribute in the same territory. Under existing conditions Federal control of inter-State commerce, as governed by rates of transportation, falls very far short of an actual and complete power. Washington, D. C. C. N. OSGOOD. [By "power" we meant, of course, legal or Constitutional power. The situation described in this letter is what has given force and reason to the policy of increasing the efficiency of Federal control of inter-State commerce.-THE EDITORS.] THE SOLDIER AND THE OFFICER Referring to the article by Captain Dana T. Merrill, entitled "Desertion a Disease,' published in The Outlook for August 3, 1907, he states: "Discontent causes desertion in practically all cases in some form or another, and much of this arises from outside the service, and comes from conditions which cannot be remedied by the military authorities; and there is no more fertile source of this discontent than the view-point of the civilian toward the soldier." I would suggest that the attitude of the civilian toward the soldier is largely determined by two conditions: First-The soldier's conduct. Second-The attitude of the commissioned officer toward the soldier, as established by army custom. I agree that, generally speaking, the soldier's conduct is superior to that of the average civilian of his equal in education, and I believe the attitude of the civilian toward him is favorable in accordance with such superior conduct, except in cases where his social status is in question. The custom in the army of establishing an impassable social gulf between the commissioned officer and the soldier affects the soldier socially in civil life. No social organi zation of civilians in democratic America places itself below the social standing of the commissioned officer; hence the custom of the army tends to place the soldier in a class below all civil social organizations. Later in the article Captain Merrill states: "His uniform should be one to be proud of, and not an object of scorn and derision, and not a badge of baseness and servility to be patronized as the lowest of public servants." Is not the attitude of the commissioned officer toward the soldier similar to that of the master toward his servant? This latter statement suggests a social problem in civil life. Unfortunately, stigma attaches to service, in that he who serves is placed in a social class below him who is served. San Francisco. ANCIENT INCUBATORS In your number of June 15 I read an article by the Spectator in which he mentioned raising chickens by incubators as a twentieth-century method. A few days later, in reading Rollin's Ancient History, I came across the following in Volume I., page 153: Their relatives inform us that the Egyptians stow eggs in ovens, which are heated to such a temperature, and with such just proportion to the natural warmth of the hen, that the chickens produced by these means are as strong as those hatched in the natural way. The season of the year proper for this operation is from the end of December to the end of April, the heat in Egypt being too violent in the other months. During these four months upwards of three hundred thousand eggs are laid in these ovens, which, though they are not all successful, nevertheless produce vast numbers of fowls at an easy rate. The art lies in giving the ovens a due degree of heat, which must not exceed a fixed proportion. About ten days are bestowed in heating these ovens, and very near as much time in hatching the eggs. It is very entertaining, say these travelers, to observe the hatching of these chickens, some of which show at first nothing but their heads, others but half their bodies, and others again come quite out of the egg. These last, the moment they are hatched, make their way over the unhatched eggs and form a diverting spectacle. I thought that some of the readers of The Outlook might be interested to know that this artificial method of hatching eggs dated back to early Egypt. Charles Rollin was born in Paris, France, in 1661, and wrote his history between 1730 and 1738, and although he is not considered absolutely accurate in his statements, it is interesting to know that incubators of some form were known in his time, if not earlier. Wenham, Massachusetts, "Mikado," The, in England.. 49 Ministers. The Modern Education of. 538 EDITORIAL.-Continued. Standard Oil Co., The, 2; Report on, 220, 837*; Mississippi Politics.. 575,796 Missouri Legislation. 308 Mohonk Conference, The 219 Morgan, Senator, 348, Edward M. 843 Morocco 754, 799 Municipal Enterprises, Capital for... 87 13 Municipal Ownership, The Problem of.. *49, 621 *Musical Pilgrimage, A. 97 Natural History, Imagination in.. Navy, The United States.. 937 Negro Conference, The Hampton.. 797 Negroes, Rudimentary Schools for Southern... 6 135 New York Legislature, The.. New York City Postmaster, 843; Rapid Transit, 6, 128 533 North Carolina and State Rights. 705*, 758, 795, *805 761 446 765 539 Opium Monopoly in Formosa, The. 625 Orchard, Harry... 303, 350, 537,715, *762 Oxford, An Appeal for, 46; Mark Twain at.... 489 Painting, American. 271 Wellman's (Walter) Project to Reach the Pole 446 796 Palestinian Exploration 273 Pennsylvania Capitol, The, 126, 934; Legisla- tion, 225; Republican Convention. 306 Pension List. A Civil.... 220 Persia, The New Movement in... 9 Philadelphia Gas, 535; Street Railways... Philippines, The... 346, *540, 753 Pittsburg Smoke Nuisance.. 758 World's Student Christian Federation, The... 136 *Poets, The Need of.... 53 *Police Remedies, Two Radical. Prayer, An Endless Chain.. 48 Presbyterian Assembly, The.. 226 CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES: *Presidential Appointments. 93 Prohibition in Georgia 757; in the South.. #943 931 *Public Schools, Religion in the. 275 Public Utilities: New York and Wisconsin. 532, 621 485 576 Railway, Southern, and Gov. Glenn... 705*, 758, 795 Roosevelt, President: Alaskan Wonderplace, An.. Oscar von Engeln 169 Sylvester Baxter 780 Sylvester Baxter 894 Bradford's (Governor) Old Church. Charles W. Eliot 769 Fu Chi Hao, M.A. 770 Ernest Poole 142 Banking and Currency (Hull) 972 Stanley Washburn 281 Beaconsfield, Lord, and Other Tory Memories 746 Music, An Autocrat in.. Benjamin, Judah P. (Butler). 838 731 Bible, Our Misunderstood (Trumbull) 341 Biblical Dogmatics (Terry).. 837 Biography, Studies in (Walpole).. 335 Birds Every Child Should Know (Neltje Blan- 37 Birth of the Nation, The-Jamestown, 1609 77 Brownings, The (Zampini-Salazar). 525 Mayo, Drs. C. H. and W. J..... W. T. Grenfell 404 .D. G. Mason 891 Theodore Roosevelt, Andrew Carnegie, Architecture, A History of (Sturgis).. Arthur of the English Poets, The (Maynadier) Babel, Light on the Old Testament from (Clay) 569 612 Cambridge Modern History: The Restoration 747 Christian Theology and Social Progress (Bus- 38 525 Catholic Encyclopedia, The.. 787 Censorship of the Church of Rome (Putnam) 520 438 792 610. Christian Theology in Outline (Brown). 565 745 790 Church, Freedom in the (Allen). 299 168 City College, The (Mosenthal and Horne) 972 21 Clark, Robert, of the Punjab (Clark) 745 Classroom Management (Bagley). 834 Colonies, The American (Osgood). 967 966 Colonies, English, in America (Doyle) 967 Congregationalism, English, History of (Dale) 748 Dante and His Italy (Ragg) BOOKS AND AUTHORS.-Continued. 117 475 117 833 Bird of Time, The (Woodrow). 258 Carmichael (North). 476 Castle of Doubt, The (Whitson) 477 Catherine of Calais (De La Pasture) 476 Cave Man, The (Corbin). 256 Confessions of a Daddy, The (Butler) 477 Country House, The (Galsworthy). 254 Davenant (Kinross).. 116 Diary of Delia, The (Watanna). 477 Disciple of a Saint, The (Scudder) 117 Family Secrets (Washburne). 255 Felicity (Laughlin) 115 Fräulein Schmidt and Mr. Anstruther 610 Ghetto Comedies (Zangwill) Giant's Strength, The (King) 118 Golden Hawl The (Rickert) Growth (Todd) He Knew Lincoln (Tarbell) 117 Isle of Dreams, The (Kelly) 340 Jenifer (Thruston).... 340 Jerry Junior (Webster) 477 John Kendry's Idea (Fernald). 833 Madame de Treymes (Wharton) 255 Master of Stair, The (Bowen) Militants, The (Andrews). 476 Mother (Maxim Gorky). 254 Mystics, The (Thurston) 116 New Chronicles of Rebecca (Riggs). 115 Nimrod's Wife (Seton). 477 Old Country, The (Newbolt) 832 Partners of Providence (Stewart). 475 Penalty, The (Begbie). 117 Perfect Tribute, The (Andrews). Phantom Wires (Stringer).. 340 Pickwick Ladle, The (Moody). 118 Princess and the Ploughman, The (Kingsley) 476 Short Cruises (Jacobs).. 340 Silent Door, The (Wilkinson) 254 Sinner, The (Fogazzaro) 609 Story of the Amulet, The (Nesbit) 256 Stumbling-Block, A (Forman). Through the Eye of the Needle (Howells). 339 Tinman (Tom Gallon)... 833 Traitor. The (Dixon). 832 Trimmed Lamp, The (Henry). 833 Truth About the Case, The (Goron). 256 Turgénieff, Ivan, The Novels and Stories of. 475 Veiled Lady, The (Smith). 256 Victor of Salamis, A (Davis)... 254 Whirlwind, The (Phillpotts). White Cat, The (Burgess) 118 Windfall, The (Charles Egbert Craddock). Fiction, History in (Baker) 792 Florentine Galleries, A Guide to (Cruttwell) Fox, Charles James: A Commentary (Landor) 562 119 119 118 Garibaldi's Defense of the Roman Republic 341 Germany, The Industrial Progress of (Howard) 438 522 Goddess of Reason, The (Johnston). 453 Godkin, E. L., Life and Letters of (Ogden)... 294 747 Hague Ordains, As The (Russian Prisoner's 300 Hamlet's Mystery, The Heart of (Werder) 436 478 Hebrew Literature of Wisdom, The (Genung); 298 Henrietta, Madame, Daughter of Charles I. and 744 Holy Scripture, Expositions of (Maclaren) 301 Humanism, Studies in (Schiller). Imperial Outposts (Murray). 611 Industrial America (Laughlin).. 252 Inquisition in Spain, A History of the (Lea)... 119 Ireland (Mathew) 258 Ireland, The Outlook in (Earl of Dunraven).. 742 567 Jamestown, Round About (Davis).. 478 |