ulla, Bandarawela, Ratnapura, Kegalla, Moratuwa, and Jaffna and by Gansabhawas amounted in 1921 to rs. 7,192,960 20. The revenue collected by the Sanitary Boards amounted to rs. 951,182'46. The municipal debt on 31st Dec., 1921, was rs. 14,423,558 35. Of this amount rs. 11,072,980 were borrowed from the Government for the Colombo Drainage Works, and rs. 3,000,000 for Water Works. Rs. 245,175 37 is the balance of a loan obtained by the municipality of Galle for the -construction of waterworks and sanitary improvements, and rs. 105,402 98 is the balance due from the municipality of Kandy for waterworks and drainage.

The development of the tea industry is shown by the following statistics :-Export, 1884, 2,392,963 lbs. ; 1900, 149,264,602 lbs.; 1921, 161,610,966 lbs.

There has been a remarkable development in rubber cultivation in recent years. Rubber was first brought to Ceylon in 1876, and its growth proved successful. On the failure of coffee planters preferred to substitute cinchona and tea. Cinchona however did not survive low prices and was replaced by tea. Within recent years great attention has been given to rubber. In 1898 750 acres were estimated to be planted with rubber, in 1901 there were 2,500 acres, in 1904 11,000 acres, in 1905 40,000 acres, in 1906 100,000 acres, in 1908, 180,000 acres, in 1911 about 215,000 acres. in 1920 about 405,000 acres, and in 1921 about 390,000 acres under this product.

The value of the products of the coconut palm exported in 1921 was rs. 71,330,836. During the past few years greater attention has been given to the cultivation of coconuts, and large areas of land formerly occupied with cinnamon are now planted in this crop. The value of cacao exported in 1921 was rs. 2,018,847 and of cinnamon, rs. 1,795,156. Of the total exports that portion going to the United Kingdom was valued at rs. 118,597,199 that to British possessions valued at rs. 42,031,773, and that to foreign countries at rs. 95,971,441.

The chief imports are rice from India, valued at rs. 69,598,165 in 1921, coal from India and textiles from the United Kingdom.

Law and Justice.

The basis of the law is the Roman-Dutch law, much modified by the introduction of English law and by Colonial ordinances. Kandyan law and Mohammedan law also prevail among Kandyans and Mohammedans respectively. The criminal law has been codified on the model of the Indian Penal Code, and the codification of the law of Criminal and Civil procedure respectively have been completed.

Justice is administered by the Supreme Court, which has an original criminal jurisdiction and decides appeals from the inferior Courts both in civil and criminal cases; the Police Courts and Courts of Requests, which dispose, respectively, of minor criminal and civil suits; and the District Courts, which have a criminal jurisdiction intermediate between that of the Supreme Court and the Police Courts, and a civil jurisdiction in all cases. In addition to these there are the Gansabawas, Village Councils, and Village Tribunals, instituted under the Ordinance No. 24 of 1889, with powers to deal with petty offences and trifling claims. They have worked well and are thoroughly adapted to the genius of the people. Besides settling a considerable amount of litigaon, they have provided a valuable machinery for

carrying out local improvements. They are empowered to make rules, subject to the approval of the Governor in Council, relating to their village economy, and it is noticeable that in many instances they have not only voluntarily provided school buildings and undertaken the cost of the current expenses and repairs, but have made elementary education compulsory.

Education.

Satisfactory progress is being made in education. The number of scholars in Government schools at the end of 1921 was 139,427 in schools aided by Government 243,681, and in unaided schools 21,322.

The total expenditure on account of the Education Department was rs. 4,138,762 69. In 1868, the number of scholars was only 6,897, and the expenditure rs. 161,660. The improvement is due to the institution of a Department of Education and the adoption of a system under which the educational wants of the Island are met partly by Government, partly by schools receiving grants in aid from Government. The Government schools are all unsectarian, and no fee is charged for vernacular education; small fees are charged for English teaching.

The only High School entirely supported by Government is the Royal College, but there are numerous and excellent Grant-in-aid High Schools. Three Government scholarships, each of £300 per annum for three years (extended in certain special cases to four years), to be pent at English universities, are awarded annually. A technical education is provided at the Grantin-aid Industrial Schools and Orphanages, of which there are 39. A central Technical College was founded in Colombo in 1893; its title has since been changed to "Government Technical Schools."

A University College was opened in Colombo in January, 1921, when lectures were started in the following subjects:-English Language and Literature, Classics and Philosophy, Modern History and Economics, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Sanskrit and Pali, Tamil, Sinhalese, Botany, Zoology, Geology, Geography. Education. The Science Block was opened on 1st October, 1921.

A Government Training College for Masters and Mistresses in English Schools and Government Vernacular Schools was opened in 1903.

Medical Institutions.

Medical College. -The Ceylon Medical College was founded in 1870 to provide a course of Medical training for the natives of Ceylon. The curriculum is a full five years' course, and since 1887 the Licence of the College has been recognised by the General Medical Council as a registrable Colonial qualification. The courses of instruction and examinations are also recognised by many of the British Examining Boards. The licence has been conferred upon 372 candidates since the College was opened; of recent years about 18 qualify annually.

There is a Junior or Apothecary Department in which students go through a two years' course, and after passing the prescribed examinations are qualified to serve as Apothecaries.

The College has a staff of over 30 lecturers and is managed by a Council incorporated by law, which is also the Medical Registration Authority for the Colony.

There are at present about 248 students.

The Government maintains 87 hospitals, exclusive of 22 infectious diseases hospitals, 17 jail hospitals, and four asylums, two for lunatics of 617 and 150 beds respectively, and the other two for lepers of 570 beds.

There are special institutions for diseases of women and children, and for the eye, ear and throat. There is a Bacteriological and also a Pasteur Institute. There are 475 dispensaries, 80 of which are attached to hospitals, the remaining 395 are institutions independent of hospitals. In addition there are 180 private estate dispensaries and 68 estate hospitals which receive free drugs from the Government.

The Ceylon Civil Medical Department includes 94 medical officers with licences in medicine and surgery granted by the Ceylon Medical College. There are two institutions where nurses are trained, and the nursing staff consists of 34 European qualified matrons and sisters, 66 European Roman Catholic sisters, 254 matrons and nurses trained locally, and pupils in training,

The cost of working the department amounted in 1919-20 to rs. 5,287.241′27. The expenditure on account of estate medical aid was rs. 1,229,219 50. The receipts, which included cost of maintenance of paying patients, sale of medicines, etc., amounted to rs. 430,279 14. The export duty levied for the partial upkeep of the Estates Branch of the Department yielded rs. 479,919 60.

The Medical College fees amounted rs. 42,296 in 1921-22.

Currency and Banking.

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The weights and measures in common use are British.

Accounts are kept in rupees, and the money in circulation is Indian and Ceylon rupee currency, sovereigns having ceased to be legal tender in the Colony from the 7th day of August, 1920. Ceylon cents take the place of the Indian annas and pice. The notes of the Chartered Mercantile Bank remained in circulation to some extent until 1888, when its charter expired, but since the failure of the Oriental Banking Corporation in 1884, the Government has instituted a note-issue of which the amount in circulation on the 30th September, 1922, was rs. 39,286,499. These notes are legal tender except at the Colombo Issue Office.

The following banks have establishments in the Colony: Mercantile Bank of India, Limited; Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China; Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation; Imperial Bank of India; National Bank of India, Limited; Eastern Bank, Limited; P. & O. Banking Corporation, Ltd. None of these now issue notes in Ceylon.

The Ceylon Savings Bank was established in 1832, and Post Office savings banks were opened in 1885. On 31st December, 1921, the deposits were: Ceylon Savings Bank, rs. 4,503,592; Post Office Savings Bank, rs. 4,867,852.

The Colombo Harbour.

A body designated the Colombo Port Commission was established on the 1st July, 1913, to administer the affairs of the Port of Colombo. The Commission is responsible for the efficient working of the Port, and has powers of executive action and initiative. It is composed of six official members, six unofficial members, and a secretary. The official members are the Principal Collector of Customs (Chairman), the Principal Civil Medical Officer, the General Manager of the Railway, the Deputy Collector

of Customs, the Master Attendant, and the | Harbour Engineer. Five of the unofficial members are nominated by the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce, and the sixth (representative of the native interests of the Port) by the Governor. The Harbour Works consist of three breakwaters. The South-West, commenced in 1873, and completed in 1885, at a cost of 705,2077., is 4,212 feet long, and runs from the shore in a direction North by East. It is built of concrete blocks weighing from 18 to 30 tons, set in what is known as the sloping bond system.

The North-East and North-West breakwaters were commenced in 1894, and completed in 1906, at a total cost of 500,0007. The North-Eastbreakwater is a rubble embankment 1,100 feet long, tipped from a staging.

The North-West breakwater is an island work, 2,657 feet in length, running between the two shore breakwaters, leaving a southern entrance of 800 feet, and a northern entrance of 700 feet. This breakwater is of similar construction to the SouthWest arm.

These three breakwaters enclose an area of 640 acres, or one square mile.

An extension of the S. W. breakwater, starting from a point 3,150 feet from the shore end, was commenced in December, 1907, and completed in April, 1912. The arm is 1,800 feet long, and runs in a direction almost due north, protecting the present main entrance from the S.W. Monsoon seas. The cost of this additional arm was 380,000l.

The Graving Dock. A Graving Dock was commenced in 1899, and was completed in 1906. It is 700 feet long, 85 feet wide at the entrance, and has a depth over the sill of 30 feet at low water. Its cost was about 400,000. There is also a guide pier, 800 feet long, to assist vessels entering the dock.

The Patent Slip was commenced in 1899, and opened on the 1st January, 1903, the cost being 43,000%. It is 800 feet long, the cradle being 220 feet, and is capable of dealing with vessels up to 1,200 tons dead weight.

The Coaling Depôt consists of 24 acres of land, reclaimed from the sea, with a frontage of 2,200 feet, from which 18 jetties project into the harbour for the landing, stacking, and shipping of coal.

The total cost of the Reclamation and Jetties amounts to about 163,0007.

The Fishery Harbour has been constructed to the northward of Colombo harbour for the use of the fishermen as a beaching ground, the whole of the foreshore inside Colombo harbour having been covered up by reclamation work. The fishery harbour consists of a rubble breakwater running out from the shore in a curve for 800 feet, the sheltered part forming a natural beaching ground for fishing canoes. The cost was approximately

12,000Z.

The total expenditure on the Colombo harbour from 1873, when the first breakwater was commenced, to 30th June, 1913, when the Colombo Port Commission assumed control of the harbour, was rs. 44,790,267 39, or 2,986,018., taking the value of the rupee at 1s. 4d.

In the period 1st July, 1913, to 30th September, 1921, a sum of rs. 14,885,341:56 or 992,356/., has been spent on various development and maintenance works by the Colombo Port Commission, and a sum of rs. 1,912,905 17 or 127,5277. by the Public Works Department, making a total of rs. 16,798,246-73 or 1,119,8837.

During the past eight years since the Colombo Port Commission assumed control of the Port, many improvements have been carried out, and the facilities on shore have much increased; the warehouse accommodation which in 1913 was 291,600 sq. ft. is now 583,633 sq. ft. and the quayage has been increased from 4,645 lineal ft. to 10,336 lineal ft. in the corresponding period.

An Oil Installations Depôt, 92 acres in extent, about 3 miles inland from the harbour frontage, has been prepared for the Oil Companies' storage and distributing tanks, with pipe line connection from the harbour for fuel oil and kerosine imported in bulk. Three reinforced concrete jetties, two for bunkering vessels and one for discharge of oil tankers, have been provided, the former capable of accommodating vessels up to 500 feet long and 30 feet draught, the latter for vessels of similar length, but of 28 feet draught. The work was commenced in December, 1917, and the expenditure on it up to 30th September, 1921, was Rs. 4,329,625′90. The oil scheme is now fully working.

A scheme for the development of the Colombo Lake by partially reclaiming it and connecting it to the harbour, estimated to cost about rs. 8,718,345, is nearing completion. The Lake Station Canal and Warehouse are about to be taken over by the Colombo Port Commission.

Colombo Water Supply.

The Colombo Water supply is obtained from Labugama Reservoir which is situated at a distance of 28 miles from the City.

The Reservoir has a capacity of 1,235 million gallons. It was formed by impounding the waters of the Wak-Oya, a tributary of the Kelani Ganga. The Catchment area is 2,385 acres in extent, and is completely protected from pollution by human beings. It is covered by jungle inhabited only by wild animals.

A scheme for increasing the capacity of the reservoir is under consideration.

Filtration works of the Jewell Gravity Type are situated immediately below the Reservoir embankment.

Three years average of monthly examinations shows that the water is remarkably pure.

The water is conveyed to the two service Reservoirs situated within the limits of the City by a duplicate 20-inch diameter pipe line and one of 30-inch diameter. There are some 230 miles of distribution mains and water service is available to all premises in the City. The average daily consumption is estimated at 8 million gallons, and the consumption per head per day equals 30 gallons.

Railways.

The lines of railway, all of which are owned and worked by the Government, are distributed thus:-Broad Gauge (5ft. 6in.), Colombo to Demodera (172 miles), Polgahawela to Kankesanturai (212 miles), Peradeniya Junction to Kandy and Matale (21 miles), Ragama Junction to Mahara Quarry (14 miles), Colombo to Matara (983 miles), Ragama to Chilaw (41 miles), Fort Junction to Wharf (1 miles), Madawachi to North Pier, Talaimannar (66 miles), Kolonnawa Oil Line (1 mile). Narrow Gauge (2ft. 6in.), Colombo Fort to Yatiyantota (49 miles), Avisawella Opanaike (48 miles), Nanu Oya to Ragalla (19 miles). Total mileage 732 miles. The total

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cost of construction up to 30th Sept., 1921, charged in account was rs. 149,224,077. The receipts for the 12 months ended 30th Sept., 1921, were rs. 20,743,281, and expenditure rs. 14,521,077.

The following new lines are under construction viz. :-

Broad Gauge, Demodera to Badulla, 9 miles. Chilaw to Puttalam, 33 miles. Light Railways, Maho to Batticaloa, 126 miles. Habarana to Trincomalee, 47 miles.

Broad Gauge, Harbour Rail Connection, 3 miles.

By the completion of the Talaimannar extension the railway systems of India and Ceylon were brought within 20 miles of one another, the intervening distance being covered by steamers of the South Indian Railway Co., which ply between Dhanuskodi (the Indian Port) and Talaimannar (the Ceylon Port). The other extensions are for the better transport of planting produce (tea, rubber, coconuts, etc.).

Roads.

Of metalled roads there are 3,466 miles ; gravelled and natural roads, 382 and 239 miles respectively; of canals 153'02 miles. The maintenance of 4,087 miles of road cost, in 1921, rs. 4,244,677, or an average rate of rs. 1,039 per mile. This is exclusive of roads within municipal limits, and of minor roads which are not in the charge of the Department of Public Works. Every male between the ages of 18 and 55 is bound to perform six days' labour in the year on the roads, or to contribute a rupee and-a-half (two rupees in the towns of Colombo, Kandy, Galle and other principal towns) by way of commutation. The Road Committees collect the commutation. Substantial progress has been made in recent years in the restoration of the ancient irrigation tanks, and the construction of new waterworks.

Telephones.

The Government telephone system comprises an exchange at Colombo (2,076 subscribers), in trunk communication with exchanges at Kandy(139 subscribers), Nuwara Eliya (116 subscribers), Galle (80 subscribers), and smaller exchanges at Avissawella. Hatton, Gampola, Kalutara, Kelaniya, Kochchikade, Kotte, Kurunegala, Nawalapitiya, Negombo, Matale, Matara, Panadura, Peradeniya, Polgahawela, Moratuwa, Watagoda, Wattala, Ragama and Ratnapura; and also purely local exchanges at Anuradhapura, Bandarawela, Diyatalawa and Trincomalee. There are, in addition, 63 licensed private systems of various sizes, several of which are connected by means of junction lines and subsidiary trunks with one another and the main trunk lines. The mileage of telephone wire in the Government system is estimated at 2,616 (aerial) and 10,470 (underground.

Telegraphs.

Nearly all parts of the island are served by the Government telegraph system, which has 213 offices working, inclusive of Railway offices open for postal telegrams. The system comprises 2,202 miles of line and 7,815 miles of wire. Ceylon is in direct telegraphic communication with India by a cable which starts from Talaimannar and crosses the Pamban Channel. It is also con

Executive Council.

Principal Assistant, W. T. Southorn, 1,000.

K.B.E., C.B.

Treasurer, W. W. Woods.

Nominated Official Members.

Gort. Agent, Western Province, J. G. Fraser, C.M.G.

Principal Collector of Customs, F. Bowes, C.M.G. Director of Public Works, T. H. Chapman, V.D., O.B.E.

Principal Civil Medical Officer, G. J. Rutherford.

Director of Education, L. Macrae.

General Manager of the Railway, G. P. Greene. Director of Agriculture, F. A. Stockdale. Commissioner, Buddhist Temporalities, H. W. Codrington.

Solicitor-General, T. F. Garvin, K.C.

Nominated Unofficial Members.

H. A. Loos, H. M. Fernando, M.D., Sir P. Ramanathan, K.C., C.M.G., N. H. M. Abdul Cader, J. H. Meedeniya, T. B. Panabokke, E. G. Adamaly.

Elected Unofficial Members.

Third Assistant, W. E. Hobday, 6507.
Fourth Assistant, H. R. R. Blood, 5007.

Office Assistants, B. V. Caspersz, 4007., B. Belleth, 3751.

Chief Clerk, G. Phoebus, 3002.

Cadets, commencing at 3007. per annum :
R. H. Bassett, R. Aluwihare, C. E. Arndt,
R. Y. Daniel, D. B. Seneviratne, A. G.
Ranasingha, F. Leach, E. H. Lucette, G. C.
Miles, C. C. Woolley, E. R. Sudbery, H. L.
Hopper, C. J. D. Lanktree, E. H. R. Tenison,
G. L. D. Davidson, J. Light, J. A. Mulhall,
P. O. Fernando, J. N. Arumugam, S. S.
Navaratnam, K. Somasuntheram, F. L. Wick-
ramasinha, W. A. C. Nurden.

Maha Mudaliyar, Sir Solomon Dias Bandaranaike, Kt., C.M.G., Rs. 2,500.

Government Printer, H. R. Cottle, 4507.
Assistant ditto, G. F. Lockhart, 3501.

Second Assistant ditto, A. C. Richards, 2521.
Third Assistant ditto, E. Sellayah, Rs. 2,700.
Controller of Revenue, B. Horsburgh, C.M.G.,
V.D., Rs. 20,250.

Assistant Controller, S. H. Wadia, 5007.
Treasurer, W. W. Woods, 1,450.
Assistant Treasurer, C. W. Bickmore, 7007.
Accountant and Financial Assistant, H. A.
Martin, 700/.

First Assistant Accountant, F. J. Tothill, 5007.
Second Assistant Accountant, J. L. Whitty, 5002.
Additional Assistant Accountant, S. E. Muller,
3251.

Colonial Auditor, F. G. Morley, 8501.

Assistant Colonial Auditor, W. T. A. Gentle, 7007.

Assistant Auditor for Railways, O. E. Goonetilleke, 5301.

Commissioner of Stamps, W. W. Woods. Deputy Commissioner of Stamps, H. E. Beven, 8502.

Chief Audit Examiner, J. J. Jacob, 3251.

Government Agencies.
WESTERN PROVINCE.

Civil Establishment.*

Governor, etc., Sir William H. Manning,
G.C.M.G., K.B.E., C.B., Rs. 105,000.†
Private Secretary, Hon. Robert Trefusis, M.A.,
Oxon.

Aide-de-Camp, Captain L. Holbech, D.S.O., M.C.,
Grenadier Guards.

Extra Aides-de-Camp, Captain L. F. LerwayDay, I.A.R.O.; and Major B. W. Bawa, V.D., C.L.I.

Temporary Planting Aide-de-Camp, Capt. G. L. H. Doudney, V.D., C.M.R.

Colonial Secretary, C. Cecil Clementi, C.M.G. 2,000Z.

A new salaries scheme has been under considera

tion, and will operate as from 1st Oct.. 1922.

Including Rs. 22,500 entertainment allowance.

Assistant Government Agent, Kalutara, E. T.
Millington, 1,000Z.

Office Assistant, W. E. Grenier, 400l.
Cadet, K. Somasuntheram, 3001.

CENTRAL PROVINCE.

Government Agent, W. L. Kindersley, Rs. 19,125. Assistant Government Agent, Kandy, W. L. Murphy, 700.

Office Assistant, Kandy, H. J. L. Leigh-Clare, 500Z.

Assistant Government Agent, Matale, C. HarrisonJones, 8507.

Office Assistants, C. Senarstnz, E. R. Sudbury.

325! Assistant Government Agent, Nuwara Eliya, E. T. Dyson, 7007.

NORTHERN PROVINCE.

Government Agent, B. Constantine, Rs. 19,125. Office Assistant, Jaffna, R. Y. Daniel, 3007.