203. The Italians have a proverb, 'when the sun does not come in the doctor does.' contracta cuticula, as already shrunk with years. 'Let my shrunk skin absorb the vernal sun': cf. Mart. x. 12. 7 I precor et totos avida cute combibe soles. It was thought healthy for all, especially for the old, to bask in the morning sun, after rubbing the body with oil: cf. Cic. ad Att. vii. 11. 1 Unam mehercule tecum apricationem in illo Lucretino tuo sole malim quam omnia istiusmodi regna; cf. too de Senect. xvi. 57 Ubi potest illa aetas (senectus) calescere apricatione melius? Cuticula, with long i, as in canicula.

204. Here you may go to the bath as early as 11 o'clock, instead of at 2 p. m.': cf. Martial xi. 52. 3.

effugiatque togam. For the toga was regarded as a necessary garb for the games; cf. Lampridius, Vita Commodi § 16 Iussit spectatores non togatos ad munus convenire contra consuetudinem. It was troublesome, heavy, hot, and in some cases expensive; constantly complained of as one of the plagues of life at Rome, especially as affecting the clientes. For the expense cf. Mart. ix. 101. 1, 2 Denariis tribus invitas, et mane togatum Observare iubes atria, Basse, tua. It was the robe of ceremony of every kind, and though under the empire its use came to be more and more restricted to the clientes, the toga was still spoken of as the ordinary dress of a Roman citizen; so Mart. advises Crispinus to try and look like one of his fellow-citizens, qua possis melius fallere, sume togam, viii. 48; so Seneca, Ep. cxiv. 12, 'Any two crowds in Rome of rich and poor respectively have an equal amount of human nature: togis enim inter se isti, non iudiciis, distant.

balnea: cf. Lanciani, p. 91, and Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire, pp. 648 sqq.. especially 663. As a general rule the public baths were opened about the eighth or ninth hour, and closed at sunset. Plin. Ep. iii. 1. 8 Hieme nona, aestate octava; Vitruv. v. 11 tempus lavandi a meridiano ad vesperum. In private houses the hours for bathing varied; thus there were some who bathed as early as the fifth hour (from 9 to 10 a. m.) before the prandium: Epictet. Diss. i. 20, Galen, vi. p. 332 Kuhn. Others again stayed in the bath till after the tenth hour: Mart. x. 48. 1, x. 70. 13, Marq. v. 1. p. 278.

205. fronte, 'shame,' as nasus, for sense of smell, Mart. i. 42. 68: cf. Persius, v. 104.

208. 'Tis sparing use which makes pleasure sweet.' Cf. Goethe, Wilhelm Meister i. 4 Er behauptete, nur ein seltenes Vergnügen könne bei den Menschen einen Werth haben.

commendat, sets off,' is the foil to': cf. Mart. iv. 29. 3 Rara iuvant, 5 commendat fastus amicam; Nulla est voluptas quae non adsiduitate sui fastidium pariat Plin. H. N. xii. 17 (40); Macrob. Sat. vii. 7; Cic. de Orat. iii. 25 § 98.

SATIRE XII.

TO CORVINUS, ON CATULLUS' ESCAPE FROM

SHIPWRECK.

THE only passage in this Satire from which its date can be conjectured is the allusion, in 11. 75-82, to the security of the port of Ostia, which probably refers to the improvement of that harbour by Trajan. The precise date of the enlargement of Ostia is unknown, but Pliny describes Trajan as parens aedificandi, in the Panegyric 51, which refers to the early part of the reign. The parenthesis about the elephant, 11. 101-110, is in Juvenal's worst style. The last eight lines seem dragged in forcibly, and have no merit of their own to plead as an excuse. On the other hand, the passages describing how Corvinus will be welcomed, 11. 1-9 and 83-92, but especially the latter, are very charming.

The viola, 1. 90, is generally translated as 'violet,' or 'wall-flower.' Mr. Lewis adds the pansy and the harebell, Mr. Mayor the stock. It seems to have been applied to a great many flowers, into the colouring of which viola enters, and not to have been confined to spring flowers. The 'iris' would best meet the requirement of many colours. See, however, Hehn, p. 210.

Ben Jonson, in his 'Volpone, or the Fox,' has many reminiscences of Juvenal. The comedy is an exceedingly well constructed play upon the artifices of captatores, and the malicious glee of the old millionaire who gulls and baffles them. The Argument is appended :—

'Volpone, childless, rich, feigns sick, despairs,
Offers his state to hopes of several heirs;

Lies languishing; his parasite receives

Presents of all, assures, deludes; then weaves

Other cross plots, which ope themselves, are told.

New tricks for safety are sought; they thrive: when bold,
Each tempts the other again, and all are sold.'

ARGUMENT.

Juvenal's friend Catullus having been saved from imminent danger when menaced by a shipwreck, the poet writes to inform Corvinus that he intends to celebrate a sacrifice in honour of his friend's return. Not that he has anything to gain by doing so, he adds; his friend has three children, and consequently there is no good in courting him, save for his own friendship.

I am celebrating this day, Corvinus, with greater honour to Ceres, Minerva, and Jupiter than if it were my birthday, with the sacrifice of two white lambs and a young steer, for Catullus has escaped with life beyond expectation; ll. 1-16. The storm was such as poets love to de

scribe; the ship struck by lightning, as well as in danger of foundering under a black sky. Hear and pity, though such incidents are told everywhere in certain tablets in the temples of Isis; ll. 17-29. The storm was so violent that the master of the ship began to throw his cargo overboard, and Catullus sacrificed his purple robes and silver plate, goblets and dishes; 11. 30-47. Conceive a man having the courage to prefer his life to his property! ll. 48–51. Last of all the mast had to be cut away. Go to sea now, if you will, when hatchets may be as necessary as provisions; ll. 52-61. Then, when the storm ceased, they had to rig up a jury-mast and use clothes for sails, as only the foresail was left; 11. 62-69. As the sun came out they discovered the heights of Alba, and presently passed between the moles of Ostia into the safe anchorage, where sailors who have escaped the storm can talk over the perils of the sea; 11. 69-82.

Go now, boys, and build up the altars of green turf. I will go home, where the thin effigies of my ancestors are garlanded, to burn frankincense and scatter all the colours of the iris. The very door is wreathed with boughs and gay with lamps; 11. 83-92.

Nor are these airs of friendship mercenary. Catullus has three children. How many persons would waste a sick hen on so barren a friend! 11. 9397. Even a father does not merit a quail. But let childless Gallitta or Pacius have a touch of fever, and the temples are covered with votive tablets, and men will be found to promise a hecatomb of oxen in default of elephants, 11. 97-110; though were the elephant found in Italy he would be sacrificed; ll. 111-114. Why, such an one would offer up a slave or even a daughter, and not unwisely, for if the sick man recover, he will alter his will to the benefit of so devoted a friend. An estate is more than an equivalent for an Iphigenia; ll. 115-127.

Long may Pacuvius live, estated and rich, unloving and unloved; 11. 128-130.

1. natali die. The birthday was kept as a festival among the Romans. On this day sacrifices were made to the Genius or guardian spirit, the source of man's bliss and goodness; cf. Hor. Ep. i. 7. 94 with Wilkins' note, and Ep. ii. 2. 187. Friends and relations were also invited to the nataliciae dapes: cf. Horace of Maecenas' birthday Iure solemnis mihi sanctiorque paene natali proprio, Carm. iv. 11. 17, 18, Varro Censorin. ii, Ovid, Trist. iii. 13. 13, and iv. 10. 11, and Tib. ii. 2.8 Atque satur libo sit (Genius) madeatque mero.

2. cespes. The altar was of turf, as in Hor. Carm. iii. 8. 4 positusque carbo in cespite vivo: cf. also ibid. 6, 7 Voveram (promissa) dulces epulas et album Libero caprum; cf. especially Ov. Met. iv. 752 sqq.

3. niveam, cf. Aen. iv. 61. White victims were offered to the gods of Heaven: cf. Livy xxvii. 37, B. C. 207 the temple of Juno Regina was struck by lightning, and two white cows were led out (ductae) to sacrifice. Each god had his special victim: thus the bull was sacrificed to Jupiter, the goat to Bacchus, the sow to Ceres, the ass to Priapus,

and it was important to make no mistake in this respect; see Cic. de Legg. ii. c. 12. Ducere (cf. Sat. x. 65) is the technical term for leading to sacrifice.

reginae. Juno, queen of the gods (Verg. Aen. i. 46) was expressly called Regina in the Etruscan form of her cult. Camillus built a temple to her on the Aventine and M. Aemilius B. C. 176; cf. Livy v. 22.

4. vellus. The use of vellus is simply an attempt to substitute a conceit for the tame expression par animal or hostia. There may be a slight tone of contempt in the expression as well. pugnanti Gorgone Maura seems to be a satirical way of speaking of Minerva, who carried on the aegis she bore the head of the Gorgon Medusa, which turned its beholders into stone. The three Phorcides or Graiae were the daughters of Phorcus; but Medusa was kaт' è̟çoxηv called the Gorgo; Maura because killed in Mauretania by Perseus; Ovid, Met. iv. 771 gelido sub Atlante iacentem. The whole story is told in Ov. loc. citat. Gorge is used absolutely for the shield, on which the Gorgon's head is depicted. Pallas is represented as employing Jove's lightning in Verg. Aen. i. 42. For Domitian's special worship of Minerva see Suet.

Dom. 15.

5. The animal goes willingly, for the rope is trailing at length, and he needs not to be dragged, which would have been a bad omen. Pliny, H. N. viii. 70 § 7. Cf. Macrob. Sat. iii. 5 observatum est a sacrificantibus, ut si hostia quae ad aras duceretur fuisset vehementius reluctata, ostendissetque se invitam altaribus amoveri, amoveretur, quia invito deo offerri eam putabant. Julianus, who, on account of his passion for sacrificing, was called victimarius, complures hostias Marti parabat ultori, et ex tauris pulcherrimis decem ad hoc perductis, nondum aris admoti voluntate sua novem procubuere tristissimi, decimus vero, qui diffractis vinculis lapsus aegre reductus est, mactatus ominosa signa monstravit, Amm. xxiv. 6 § 17. Cf. also Hor. Carm. iii. 23. 3. sqq.

petulans, from peto (cf. hoedi petulci, Verg. Georg. iv. 10), is the regular word for 'butting'; κopúñтε Theоc. iii. 5. Cf. Verg. Ec. iii. 87 Iam cornu petat et pedibus qui spargat arenam, and hostia petulans Petron. Sat. 92.

6. Cf. Ov. Met. iv. 754, 5 Ara Iovis media est: . . . taurus tibi summe deorum! The Capitoline temple contained a cella divided into three chambers sacred to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva; cf. Middleton, p. 227. The Capitolium was in early times known as the Mons Tar peius, so called from the legend of the treachery of Tarpeia, told by Propertius, iv. 4.

7. quippe, like quare and cur in occasional uses, has developed from a mere interrogative into a causal conjunction; but its meaning is not so decided as that of enim.

8. spargendus mero, 'ready for his baptism of wine,' which was poured on the head of the victim before it was killed. Cf. Verg. Aen. iv. 61, Ov. Met. vii. 594, and Georg. iii. 486. Juvenal seems to have in mind Horace, Carm. iv. 2. 54 relicta matre, &c.

9. 'Who gores the oaks with his budding horn.' Cf. Verg. Georg. iii. 232 irasci in cornua discit.

10. similis par. The word adfectus in the plural is stronger than the same word in the singular, which is itself a strong word for 'love.' It denotes an imperious bent of the soul, sometimes as strong as amor, but not generally as lasting and acknowledged,' but the word, in this sense, seems confined to silver Latinity: cf. Sen. ad Marc. § 23 Liberiora omnia sunt iis quorum adfectus tegi possunt. See Abel, 'The conception of Love in some ancient and modern Languages,' p. 62.

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11. Hispulla, some stout lady. The word is formed from the secondary suffix -lo-, which was almost entirely confined in Latin to a diminutive function, e. g. par-vo-lus, from parvos, homullus hom-on-los, agellus ager-lo-s, whence the diminutive suffixes -ula, -ulla, -ella, which became exceedingly common. Thus Hispulla is formed from Hispo. Cf. Henry, Comp. Gr. § 157. For the name cf. vi. 74. Juvenal cannot refrain from a jest at the popular religion, though he has no desire to see that religion abolished; in fact, he is always ready to carry out the formalities prescribed by the old religion under which Rome grew to greatness; his invective is reserved for the new innovations from the East.

13. The Clitumnus in Umbria was supposed to have the power of turning the cattle which browsed on its banks white, and white cattle were most prized for sacrifice. Cf. Verg. Georg. ii. 146 and Propertius, ii. 19. 25 Qua formosa suo Clitumnus flumina luco Integit et niveos abluit unda boves, and Pliny, H. N. ii. 103, who describes the water in the ager Faliscus as having the same property. Cf. also Claudian, VI. Cons. Hon. 506 Quin et Clitumni sacras victoribus undas Candida quae Latiis praebent armenta triumphis Visere cura fuit.

sanguis. Surely sanguis does not here mean 'the high-bred one,' as is commonly assumed. Taurus seems to be the nominative to traheretur and iret; and sanguis and cervix simply repeat the idea of taurus, specialising, however, the features in the bull which would naturally present themselves to the popa or priest's servant. Thus we might translate, 'there should be a bull to drag along, whose very fatness made him slow; a bull reared in no neighbouring fields, but he should go, his blood giving proof of Clitumnus' rich pastures—he should go blood and all, his neck challenging the blow of a tall sacrificer.' The popa must be tall to bring down such a victim. Sanguis is to be joined with ostendens; the word might be paralleled by the dealer's expression 'a bit of blood.'

14. The use of ab and the ablative is uncommon after the gerundive, which requires the dative of the agent. The use of prepositions was, however, commoner in the language of the people than in classical Latin; and this use became common in late Latin.

16. 'Wondering even yet that he was saved,' like Don Juan, who, after his shipwreck,