obviorum vel postulantium corripere ac distento sago impositum in sublime iactare; i. e. 'toss him into the air and catch him in his sagum.' (Suet. Otho, ii.)

279. noctem. The grassator who has not killed somebody in a street-brawl can't sleep for remorse he is as vexed as Achilles was by the death of Patroclus, Il. xxiv. 10, 11. Cf. Sen. de Tranq. Anim. ii. § 11 qualis ille Homericus Achilles est, modo pronus, modo supinus. Cf. the boast of Sosia, Plaut. Amphitruo i. 1. 2, that he is the bravest man in the world to venture abroad of a night, iuventutis mores qui sciam. Lanciani, p. 212, gives the contents of several inscriptions bearing witness to the audacity of these footpads both in the neighbourhood of Rome and in the provinces.

281. This line is omitted by Weidner and Heineke as destroying the sequence of the thought. But we can well imagine that a question of the kind inserted in an exciting description like that which precedes it would have a telling effect on an audience. And we should always think of Juvenal as a reciter with a view to effect. (See Introduction.) 282. However much he have of the impudence of youth, still he has wits enough to know that he had better keep the rich man—who has a crowd of retainers—at a respectful distance.'

283. The laena was a thick warm cloak worn over the other garments, especially by the rich, who affected bright colours. See Martial viii. 59. 10, Persius i. 32.

284. 'And a long, long train of attendants.' Ammianus (xiv. 6. § 16) describes how even in his day some paraded the streets familiarum agmina tamquam praedatorios globos post terga trahentes.

285. aenea lampas. Like the candelabra discovered in Herculaneum and Pompeii, which are nearly all of bronze. Cf. Mayor's note. Lanterns of horn are spoken of in Plautus, Amphit. i. 1. 185, and in Martial, xiv. 61, 62 Laterna ex vesica, and cornea. Cic. ad Att. iv. 3, 5 refers to a lantern of linen. The rich man uses a more costly material. 286. deducere, the regular word for 'escorting' on the part of clients who wished to honour their patrons: Cum magna multitudo optimorum virorum me de domo deduceret, Cic. ad Fam. x. 12. 2. The moon is my regular and only escort.'

287. candelae, a piece of rope dipped in pitch or tallow which would soon burn out (breve), and which I must therefore husband and cherish.' brevis, short-lived, like nimium breves flores rosae, in Horace, Car. ii. 3. 13, 14.

292. cuius aceto. The dishes here mentioned were those of the lowest class at Rome. The wine was sour: the conchis, a common bean eaten by the poor; Mart. v. 39. 10 and vii. 78. 2. sectile or 'sectivum porrum is the blades of leek cut and eaten as we eat chives or asparagus. In Hor. Sat. i. 6. 114 we find porrum and cicer or chick-pea mentioned as the food of the poorer classes.

Inde domum me

Ad porri et ciceris refero laganique catinum.

The unpleasant smell of alium (garlic) or porrum, which was characteristic of the poorer classes in Rome, is often referred to: e. g. in Plautus, Mostellaria i. 1. 39, one slave abuses another for his odour of garlic, fu! oboluisti alium! Cf. also Hor. Epod. iii. and Martial xiii. 18

Fila Tarentini graviter redolentia porri

Edisti quotiens, oscula clusa dato!

The grassator then asks, What low company have you been keeping?' and accuses his victim of smelling of porrum. Cf. Varro, Menippeae 19 avi et atavi nostri, cum alium ac caepe eorum verba olerent tamen optume animati erant.

294. elixi vervecis. Plautus, Capt. iv. 2. 40.

For sheeps'-heads as a popular dish, cf.

296. quaero. In asking a question the present indic. is often used when there is no doubt in the mind of the interrogator as to what the answer will be: 'Surely it is in a prayer-shop that I am to look for you?' Cf. iv. 130 Quidnam igitur censes? Conciditur? 'Cut it up, no doubt?' But it is not unfrequently found as a mere variant for the future and indeed the idiom is not unknown in English: as when we ask what street do I take?' Cf. Verg. Aen. iii. 88 Quem sequimur? Ib. 367 quae prima pericula vito? In Plautus the present for the future is very commonly found after non; as Amphitruo i. 1. 295 non obtempero, I will not mind.' Cf. Most. iii. 1. 67, &c. Thus Sat. 1. 157 deducis, 'you are certain to have to draw' a furrow; so Sat. iv. 28 putamus for putabimus.

The proseuchae are the oratories of the Jews, who were much despised at Rome. proseucha, a prayer-house, is explained by Ewald, Book iv. 2. 272 (quoted by Mayor), as the name commonly given in Egypt to a Jewish Synagogue. Asking a man then in what Jewish prayer-house shall I seek you,' was equivalent to calling him a proselyte, a class socially despised, but tolerated by the law: for an edict of Claudius, A. D. 42, granted the Jews full tolerance in religious matters, while enjoining them to respect the superstitions of other people, Joseph. A. J. xix. 5. 3.

298. They assault you, and then bring an action as if you were the aggressor.' vadimonium facere. Cf. Gaius iv. 184 qui in ius vocatus fuerit ab adversario, ni eo die finiverit negotium vadimonium ei faciendum est.

300. adorat. Heerdegen (Lat. Semasiologie) discusses fully the meanings both primitive and derived of rare and its compounds. The primitive meaning of orare seems to have been simply 'to speak'; a sense which it has preserved in perorare, as in oratio and orator. Adorare is not used by Plautus, Terence, or Cicero; it is used by Vergil (Georg. i. 343) and by Livy vi. 12. 7. The compound was then formed after orare had assumed its later meaning of 'to beg' or 'supplicate': here it means, as in Vergil, 'actually worships you,' so that he may get off with a few teeth in his head.

302. Besides these fashionable, roysterers common thieves and street robbers have to be feared. nec tamen, and yet more'-used of evils succeeding evils, as in Vergil, Georg. i. 118, Nec tamen haec cum sint hominumque boumque labores Versando terram experti, nihil improbus anser, &c., Officiunt.

303. 'After the houses are shut and all around each fitting of the shop securely chained is fastened and has ceased to jar.'

305. agit rem,' does your business.' Petronius, 82, describes such an one, who agit rem. Cf. nam tua res agitur paries cum proximus ardet, Hor. Ep. i. 18. 84. Suetonius, Aug. 32, tells us that Augustus suppressed these grassatores.

306. As soon as ever the Pomptine Marshes and Gallinarian pinewood are cleared of robbers, these all betake themselves hither, as if this were their natural feeding-ground.' Augustus attempted to drain the Pomptine Marshes in Latium. The Gallinarian pine-wood was near Cumae, a well-known haunt of banditti.

308. Cf. Sall. Bell. Cat. 37 hi Romam, sicut in sentinam, confluxerant. Sic answers to tanquam: and sic and tanquam are a variant for sic ut, as in Sat. xiii. 47 talis ut stands for talis qualis.

309. The order is Qua fornace, qua incude, non graves catenae ?

310. modus. The greatest quantity of iron goes for fetters,' so that one well may fear that none will be left for spades and hoes. Cf. Justin, Hist. lib. ii plus hominum ferrum atque arma quam naturalis fatorum condicio rapit.

314. uno carcere.

The Mamertine prison, in the district called the Lautumiae, beyond the Argiletum to the N.S.W. of the Forum, said by Livy, i. 33, to have been built by Ancus Martius. These Lautumiae, or stone quarries, were afterwards transformed into the Carcer called Tullianum (Lanciani, p. 75; Middleton, p. 80, gives a fuller description). The two chambers of the prison are described by Sallust, Cat. 55. In the lower chamber Jugurtha was starved and the Catiline conspirators were executed. See Burn (Rome and the Campagna, p. 80), who also explains the word 'Tullianum,' which was alleged to have been a dungeon added by Servius Tullius, as in reality meaning the well-house,' from an old word tullius, meaning a 'projection of water.'

315. Here the carriage comes up and Umbricius bids farewell to his friend. poteram: we might have expected possem or potuissem, but the apodosis is stated as a fact; and this may have had some influence in throwing the verb of the protasis into the same mood; though this is not the invariable effect of such constructions. Cf. the well-known Et si non alium late iactaret odorem Laurus erat, Verg. Georg. ii. 132. 318. 'As often as you come from Rome to Aquinum, I will come and stay with you.' Juvenal was probably a native of Aquinum in Latium, and may have had some property there near the shrine of Ceres and Diana.

320. Helvia was the name of a Roman gens :-Cicero's mother was a Helvia: Helvius Mancia appears de Orat. ii. 266.

There is an inscription extant, Mommsen I. R. Neap. 4312, Orelli 5599 (Cere) RI SACRVM (D. IV)NIVS DELMATARVM QVINQ FLAMEN | DIVI CA(VITQ) VE SVA PEC ·

IVVENALIS TRIB COH VESPASIANI | VOVIT Dedi

322. P reads auditor-the reading adopted. He means, 'I will come as a hearer who has not yet lost his love for country simplicity in contrast to the spoilt and effeminate auditores in Rome; as men leave the heat in Rome (Augusto mense,) I will prepare to brook the cold in the country.'

caligatus, in military boots. 'I will come not as a mere inactive listener, but as one ready to do yeoman service in the cause to which I am devoted.' The caliga was a boot consisting of a strong sole studded with iron nails, leaving the toes open; it was worn by all grades of the army, including the centurions; but is generally used of soldiers as distinguished from officers, cf. Sat. xvi. 24. It was natural that Juvenal as a soldier should use a military metaphor-though we find Pliny employing similar language of the cultivated country gentlemen of his time armed at all points; Ep. vii. 25 Sunt enim, ut in castris, sic in litteris nostris, plures cultu pagano quos cinctos et armatos ... invenies (quoted by Lewis).

This line is obviously modelled on and suggested by Lucan, Pharsalia i. 382.

SATIRE IV.

A ROYAL TURBOT.

THE fourth Satire, which stands by itself as a story told in verse, consists of an introduction, ll. 1-36; a narrative, ll. 37-149; and a peroration, ll. 150-154. It is quite possible that the introduction as far as 1. 27 belonged originally to another poem, which was chiefly directed against Crispinus. The argument, 'If Crispinus was a glutton, what must the Emperor have been?' is rather too forced to have been intended as the opening passage of a singularly vivid description. Again, the burial of the vestal, alluded to in 11. 9 and 10 as nuper, occurred in A.D. 89 or 91; the latter part of the poem, attacking Domitian himself, can hardly have been written till Nerva's reign, A.D. 96–98. It is difficult to say what real story the Satire refers to. It would seem as if it must apply to Cornelia, the only vestal who was buried alive; but it is doubtful if she was guilty at all, and her supposed paramour was Licianus, who confessed to save his life, and was banished to Sicily. Licianus, a Roman of rank, a scholar, and disgraced, cannot have been Crispinus, an Egyptian, an upstart, and who remained powerful. Perhaps Juvenal believed that Cornelia was guilty, and that Crispinus was her real seducer. Suetonius implies that she had had several intrigues.

Again, the monster Crispinus! who committed incest with a Vestal virgin, 11. 1-10; but this poem only deals with a minor offence against morals (though one the censor would notice in any other person),—the purchase of a mullet for 6000 sesterces, simply for the glutton's own eating, ll. 11-27. When the buffoon of the palace fared in this way, what must the Emperor have indulged in? 11. 28-32. Sing the true story, ye Virgin Muses! 33-36.

In Domitian's time a fisherman at Ancona catches a turbot as big as those found in the Black Sea, 11. 37-44; he thinks it safer to make a merit of offering it to the Emperor, and finds him at his Alban palace, 11. 45-62; the fish is let in while the Senators are kept waiting outside, 11. 60-71; but as there is no dish big enough to hold it, a Council is summoned in hot haste, 11. 72-75. Pegasus comes first, the upright lawyer, but too constitutional for times out of joint, 11. 76-81; next Crispus, well-intentioned, but too timid to stake his life on the truth, 11. 81-93; then Acilius, with his son doomed to death by his eminence, 94-103; then the profligate and foul-mouthed Rubrius and fat Montanus, and Crispinus reeking with scent, and Pompey the informer and Fuscus brooding over war, and blind Catullus with the tricks of a roadside beggar who loved the woman and praised the fish he could not see, ll. 94-129. The opinion of Montanus that a special dish be made for the turbot prevails as that of an expert, ll. 130-143. Hereupon the Council is dismissed, its important public functions having been discharged, ll. 144–149.

Would to God Domitian had spent his time in these trifles rather than in butchering the nobility! Il. 150-154.

This Satire, it will be seen, is composed of two parts, which seem but slightly, and somewhat inartistically, connected with each other. The inartistic and incoherent way in which the pictures of Roman life which the Satirist brings before us are connected, is seen in this Satire as markedly as in the first. The first part, 1-33, deals with Crispinus: the rest, 37-154, with Domitian's degrading tyranny. The thought which connects the two is found in 11. 28, 33, 'If the servant indulges in such unrestrained luxury, what may we not expect from the master?'

1. ecce iterum Crispinus! Ecce is a very common expression in Latin comedy to prepare the audience for the appearance of a character about to come on the stage. Cf. Ter. Eun. 3. 5. 28 Ecce autem vides rure redeuntem senem! Juvenal certainly has mentioned Crispinus in i. 26: but it seems questionable whether these words do not imply that the whole of a previous Satire, now lost, had been devoted to him. Heinrich suggests that the words may have passed into a proverb; possibly dating from some old satirist like Lucilius. Here we are again with Crispinus!' He appears, from the passage noticed in Satire i. and from lines 24, 33, to have been an Egyptian born. Now Augustus had expressly commanded that no Egyptian should have a seat in the Roman senate; and this law was strictly observed down