(a) Verbs denoting emotion or the expression of emotion: erubesco, fleo, gemo, ploro, pallesco, expallesco, paveo, expavesco, tremo, contremisco, horresco, fastidio, gravor; as, Epod. 14. 11 cava testudine flevit amorem; C. IV. 12. 5 Ityn flebiliter gemens; C. III. 27. 27 pontum palluit (turned pale at the sight of); C. IV. 11. 27 Pegasus terrenum equitem gravatus.

(6) Verbs expressing haste, strife: propero, depropero, festino, certo, pugno, milito; as Ep. I. 2. 61 poenas festinat; S. II. 5. 27 foro si res certabitur; Epod. 1. 23 libenter hoc et omne militabitur bellum.

(c) Verbs of vocal expression: (1) with object denoting the form or content of the expression: sono, crepo, balbutio, elatro; as C. II. 13. 26 sonantem plectro dura navis, dura fugae mala; Ep. I. 7. 84 sulcos et vineta crepat; (2) with external object: iurgo, sibilo, latro; as S. II. 2. 100 Trausius iurgatur; S. I. 1. 66 populus me sibilat; Epod. 5. 57 senem latrent canes.

(d) Verbs expressing some physical act or state: (1) in a literal sense: ceno, stillo; Ep. II. 2. 168 emptum cenat holus; Ep. II. 3. 429 stillabit ex oculis rorem; (2) in a figurative sense: mano, spiro; Ep. I. 19. 44 fidis manare poetica mella te solum; C. IV, 13. 19 spirabat amores; (3) of dramatic action, the accusative denoting the character represented: salto, moveor, edormio; S. I. 5. 63 pastorem saltaret uti Cyclopa rogabat; Ep. II. 2. 125 nunc Satyrum, nunc agrestem Cyclopa movetur (i. e. saltat; cf. Ep. II. 3. 232); S. II. 3. 61 Fufius ebrius Ilionam edormit, slept off' Iliona, i. e. actually went to sleep in his part, instead of simulating it (with the additional idea, however, that he was sleeping off a debauch, from the phrase edormire crapulam, which occurs in prose).

(e) invideo, impero, regno (see also § 68), triumpho, and iuro are used in the passive with a subject-nominative; as Ep. II. 3. 56 ego cur invideor? Ep. I. 5. 21 haec ego procurare imperor; C. III. 29. 27 regnata Cyro Bactra; C. III. 3. 43 triumphatis Medis; Ep. II. 1. 16 iurandas aras. In C. IV. 6. 14 mentior is used for simulo.

(f) Many intransitive verbs acquire a transitive use in composition. Such are adnuo (= concedo), as S. I. 10. 45 molle atque facetum Vergilio adnuerunt Camenae; adsuesco, S. II. 2. 109 pluribus adsuerit mentem (adṣuctus is common in prose); circumgemo, circumtono, circumvolo, circumvolito; exsudo, S. I, 10. 28 cum Pedius causas exsudet (= sudans peragat); evagor, insisto, intono, perambulo, pererro, praefluo, remeo, subrepo, supervenio.

52. There are a few instances in the Satires and Epistles of a colloquial form of expression in which an object accusative depends on a verbal idea vaguely implied in the phrase itself; as S. II. 7. 116 unde mihi lapidem ? unde sagittas, where shall I get, etc.? Ep. I. 5. 12 quo mihi fortunam, si non conceditur uti? Here mihi is added to

quo (= quorsum) to mean 'What object can it be to me?' (as in S. I. 6. 24; see § 94/), and fortunam depends on the vaguely implied idea of having or obtaining.

The Dative.

53. The person towards whom motion is directed is sometimes expressed, as 'the person for whom'action is performed, by the dative; and this usage is extended, by a more or less conscious personification, to places and things; as

C. I. 28. 10 habentque Tartara Panthoiden, iterum Orco demissum (i. e. to Orcus as a person, the place being already expressed by Tartara; cf. II. I. 3 Yuxàs "Aıdı πpolayev); C. IV. 4. 69 Carthagini iam non ego nuntios mittam superbos; C. I. 24. 15 num vanae redeat sanguis imagini, would the blood return (i. e. be restored) to the empty form? C. III. 23. I. caelo si tuleris manus (cf. Verg. Aen. V. 451 it clamor caelo).

54. The dative is used with verbs (chiefly in the perfect participle) of perception and emotion; as

C. II. 1. 31 auditum Medis sonitum (i. e. audible to them; cf. the usual construction with videor); C. I. 1. 24 bella matribus detestata (hateful to); I. 21. 4 Latonam dilectam Iovi (=dear to); Ep. II. 1. 256 formidatam Parthis Romam; C. III. 25. 3 quibus antris audiar ?

55. The dative of the agent, which had its origin perhaps in these and similar uses (notably its use in the gerundive construction), is also found; as

C. I. 32. 5 (barbite) Lesbio modulate civi; Ep. II. 3. 427 versus tibi factos.

56. The dative is used with verbs signifying to unite, mix, compare; such are

iungo, figo, socio, continuo, gemino, coeo; misceo, confundo; confero, comparo, contendo; as Ep. II. 3. 1 humano capiti cervicem equinam iungere ; Ep. II. 3. 13 ut serpentes avibus geminentur, tigribus agni; C. I. 1. 30 me dis miscent superis (i. e. set me among them; cf. stellis inserere, C. III. 25. 6); S. I. 10. 20 verbis Graeca Latinis miscuit (Latin being his vernacular); S. I. 1. 111 neque se maiori turbae comparet.

57. The dative is used with verbs signifying difference, disagreement, contention; such are

differo, disto, discrepo, dissentio, dissideo, disconvenio, discordo, pugno, certo, decerto, luctor, altercor; as C. IV. 9. 29 distat inertiae virtus; S. I. 4. 48 differt sermoni; C. II. 2. 18 dissidens plebi; S. I. 2. 73 pugnantia istis.

58. The dative is used with adjectives,

(a) Depending on a verbal idea contained in the adjective; as C. I. 11. 8 credula postero; C. III. 26. 8 foribus minacis; C. II. 15. 8 fertilibus domino priori (i. e. quae ferebant; cf. C. III. 24. 12); S. II. 2. 6 acclinis falsis animus; S. II. 7. 83 sibi imperiosus.

(b) With adjectives conveying the notion of fitness or likeness, or the reverse; as C. I. 23. 12 tempestiva viro (of fit age for); C. III. 11. 12 cruda marito; S. II. 2.4101 divitias tribus amplas regibus; Ep. I. 18. 5 huic diversum vitio. So with idem: Ep. II. 3. 467 invitum qui servat, idem facit occidenti.

(c) To express purpose or use after adjectives of capacity, skill, incapacity; as C. I. 12. 42 utilem bello; Ep. II. 3. 82 natum rebus agendis; Ep. II. 2. 21 talibus officiis prope mancum; C. III. 27. 61 acuta leto saxa (i. e. sharp enough to kill).

59. The dative is rarely appended to a substantive to denote purpose, service, or destiny; as

Epod. 2. 33 tendit retia, turdis dolos; S. II. 5. 16 ne illi comes exterior ire recuses; C. II. 1. 13 insigne maestis praesidium reis et consulenti, Pollio, curiae; S. II. 2. 107 o magnus posthac inimicis risus!

60. In the predicate after licet esse and the like, Horace always uses the dative; as Ep. I. 16. 61 da mihi fallere, da iusto sanctoque videri; Ep. II. 3. 372 mediocribus esse poetis non homines, non di, non concessere columnae.

The Genitive,

61. The genitive of quality may be attached directly to the name of a definite individual or class; as

S. I. 1. 33 magni formica laboris (for 'formica, animal magni laboris'); C. I. 36. 13 multi Damalis meri. Similarly, where the omitted appellative would be in the predicate; as S. I. 4. 17 di bene fecerunt, inopis me quodque pusilli finxerunt animi; S. II. 8. 84 Nasidiene, redis mutatae frontis. Sometimes coupled with an adjective; as S. II. 7. 52 ditior aut formae melioris.

62. The possessive genitive in the predicate is used with greater freedom than in prose, often differing little from a partitive genitive; as

S. I. 7. 35 operum hoc tuorum est; C. III. 13. 13 fies nobilium tu quoque fontium; Ep. I. 9. 13 scribe tui gregis hunc.

63. The partitive genitive is often used with adjectives where in prose the substantive and adjective would stand in agreement; as

C. IV. 6. 31 virginum primae; C. I. 10. 19 superis deorum et imis; S. II. 2. 60 natalis aliosve dierum festos; C. I. 9. 14 quem fors dierum cumque dabit. Sometimes with an adjective and pronoun; as C. I. 29. 5 quae tibi virginum barbara serviet? Or a pronoun and substantive, as S. II. 1. 61 maiorum ne quis amicus frigore te feriat. With unus (= solus): S. I. 10. 42 unus vivorum (cf. S. II. 6. 57 unum mortalem). The genitive is also used with unus, one, S. I. 9. 72 unus multorum; elsewhere the ablative with de or ex. 64. The genitive (partitive or possessive), used in this way with the neuter plural of an adjective in an abstract sense, gives the latter greater prominence than if it were merely expressed as an attribute of the substantive; thus in

C. IV. 12. 20 amara curarum, there is more stress on the bitterness than there would be in 'amaras curas'; C. II. 1. 23 cuncta terrarum; C. IV. 4. 76 acuta belli; S. II. 2. 125 contractae seria frontis. The colorless genitive rerum especially is used in the Satires and Epistles to round out a phrase; as Ep. I. 17. 21 vilia rerum; S. II. 2. 25 vanis rerum; S. II. 8. 83 fictis rerum. In one instance rerum is used in the same way with a masculine superlative: S. I. 9. 4 dulcissime rerum.

65. A geographical proper name is occasionally put in the genitive (instead of in apposition) with its generic noun; as C. II. 6. 10 Galaesi flumen, the river Galaesus; C. IV. 14. 50 tellus Hiberiae. Sometimes it is treated as an adjective: C. IV. 4. 38 Metaurum flumen ; Ep. II. 3. 18 flumen Rhenum. This adjective use of substantives is sometimes extended to personal names; as C. I. 15. 10 Dardanae genti, the race of Dardanus; C. IV. 5. 1 Romulae gentis; and even to an appellative; as C. III. 12. 1 patruae linguae. In the same way Horace is fond of using the shorter forms of adjectives of nationality, which are commonly used as substantives in prose; as Marsus, Afer, Medus, Colchus, for Marsicus, Africus, etc.

66. The wide development and vague limits of the use of the objective genitive with adjectives (and participles with adjective meaning) gave the poets freer scope in this than in most other constructions. The examples in Horace comprise

(a) The objective genitive proper, depending on adjectives implying the action of a transitive verb, or their opposites; such are

tenax, ferax, fertilis, fecundus, prosperus, prodigus, benignus, parcus, fastidiosus, bibulus, avarus, metuens, timidus, securus, incautus; as Epod. 5. 22 Hiberia venenorum ferax; C. S. 29 fertilis frugum pecorisque tellus; Ep. II. 3. 164 iuvenis prodigus aeris; S. II. 3. 3 vini somnique benignus (cf. our expression, 'a generous liver'); S. II. 5. 79 donandi parca iuventus; Ep. II. 3. 28 timidus procellae; Ep. II. 2. 17 poenae securus.

(b) The genitive of reference, with adjectives denoting mastery, knowledge, skill, and their opposites; such are

potens, prudens, sciens, sollers, consultus, divinus (prophetic), sagax, docilis, indoctus, nescius, inscius; as C. I. 3. 1 diva potens Cypri; Ep. II. 3. 407 musa lyrae sollers; C. I. 34. 2 insanientis sapientiae consultus (after the analogy of iuris consultus); C. III. 27. 10 imbrium divina avis; Ep. II. 3. 218 utilium sagax rerum; C. IV. 6. 43 docilis modorum; Ep. II. 3. 380 indoctus pilae discive trochive.

(c) The genitive of reference, with adjectives of plenty and want; such are

dives, opulentus, satur, lassus, inanis, egens (cf. § 67), pauper, exsors, liber, vacuus, purus, abstinens; as Ep. II. 2. 31 multarum divite rerum; Ep. I. 7. 35 satur altilium; C. II. 6. 7 lasso maris et viarum militiaeque (cf. Verg. Aen. I. 178 fessi rerum); C. III. 11. 26 inane lymphae dolium; Ep. I. 17. 22 nullius egentem; C. III. 30. II pauper aquae; Ep. II. 3. 212 liber laborum rusticus; S. II. 2. 119 opetum vacuo; C. I. 22. 1 sceleris purus.

NOTE. Of these adjectives, dives, vacuus, and purus are also used by Horace with the ablative; as Ep. II. 3. 421 dives agris, dives positis in faenore nummis; C. IV. 15. 8 vacuum duellis Ianum; S. II. 3. 213 purum est vitio tibi cor? With nudus, orbus, and viduus Horace uses the ablative only; C. I. 14. 4 nudum remigio latus; C. IV. 2. 44 forum litibus orbum; C. I. 10. 11 viduus pharetra Apollo.