useless.

So Virg. Ecl. 7, 42, projecta vilior alga. 12. Aquae; i. e. pluviae, of a shower. Virgil also mentions the crow, in describing the signs of a storm, in Georg. 3, 388.. 14. Genium curabis. The ancients meant by Genius one's good angel or tutelary spirit, that guided one's destinies. Here, in imitation of such phrases as Genium placare, invocare (as the Genius was propitiated by offerings), and of another class of expressions curare cutem, corpus, Horace says Genium curare; which, like Genio indulgere, came naturally to mean, to indulge one's tastes and desires in scenes of festivity and mirth. Comp. A. P. 210. -16. Operum; a deviation from the usual construction, as solvere ia ordinarily found with the abl. See H. 410, V, 4.

ODE XVIII.

An ode to Faunus, the Greek Pan, the god of flocks, and of the fields, and the woods. The festival was celebrated twice in the year; on the Ides of February, and on the None of December.

Propitious; the Greek

pãos. 4. 7. Vetus ara.

Alumnis.
My old allar;

"The

3. Lenis. nurslings of my flocks." Osborne. long since erected here, and now venerable for age. 9. HerbosoDecembres. We must bear in mind the mild climate of Italy.. 10. Nonae. See the explanation of the Roman month, H. 641-646.13. Lupus―agnos. The presence of the god secures tranquillity; makes the lambs, though among the wolves, safe from all harm. - 15. Pepulisse. On the tense, see n. O. i., 1, 4.

ODE XIX.

"A party of friends assemble to arrange the preliminaries of a festive meeting, per. haps in honor of Murena. One of them, Telephus, interrupts the proceedings by antiqua. rian and historical inquiries; and Horace, in this ode, banters him on his ill-timed pedantry, and anon fancying himself the symposiarch, prescribes the laws of the festival, gives toasts, and calls for music and chaplets."-From GIRDLESTONE and OSBORNE.

1. Ab Inacho. That is, the interval between Inachus, the first, and Codrus, the last, of the Argive kings. 2. Pro patria. Comp. O. iv., 9, 52.-- 3. Aeaci. The Aeacidae, as Achilles, Telemon, etc. All such inquiries would be tedious and pedantic. -5. Chium. The wine of Chios, Scio, one of the best of the Grecian wines. Others were the Thasian. Lesbian, Sicyonian, Cyprian, and, in the time of Pliny, the

wine of Clazomenium. Becker's Gallus, p. 380 (Eng. edition). 6. Aquam-ignibus. Orelli and Dillenburger understand this expression of the warming of baths; but it seems more natural to refer it to the calda or calida, a warm drink, the only one among the ancients, consisting of warm water and wine, mixed with spices, a sort of mulled wine Comp. Juv. Sat. 5, 63; and see Becker's Gallus, p. 381. 7. Domum. That is, who will furnish a house for our feast. Some were to find one thing, some another. Quota, sc. hora. -8. Pelignis. This Pelignian cold; as bad as that of the Pelignian country, a proverbially cold region. The ode seems to have been written in winter. In respect to this point, as well as to the scene itself, this ode resembles the ninth of Book First. Comp. introduction to that ode. -9. Da lunae novae; sc. poculum; a cup for the new moon. Lunae is the genitive, as always in such expressions; as O. iii., 8, 13, cyathos amici. In the Year of Numa, the months were lunar, and there was a new moon on the Calends of every month. Hence the ancient custom of drinking on the Calends in honor of a new moon; which from these words seems to have been observed in the time of Horace. 10. Noctis mediae. Because the feast was to be protracted till that hour. 11. Tribus aut novemcyathis. The cyathus is explained in n. O. iii., 8, 13. The numbers here refer to the proportion of the wine to the water, and are easily understood from the lines that follow. Either nine cyathi of wine to three of water, which the poets will have (1. 13), or three cyathi of wine to nine of water, for moderate drinkers (1. 16). See Becker's Gallus, Exc. 3 to Sc. 9. 15. Tres supra; for supra tres, above three; as quo: and flamma sine, Sat. i., 5, 95.- - 16. Metuens. Sec 18. Berecyntiae. Phrygian; see n. O. i., 18, 13. The Phrygian tibie was one of a grave mode. See n. O. iv., 15, 30; and the cut on p. 115. -28. Lentus. Slow-consuming; as lentis-ignibus,

inter, O. iii., 3. 11;

n. O. ii., 2, 7.

O, i., 13, 8.

ODE XX.

The poet humorously describes a contest between Pyrrhus and some maiden for the exclusive regards of Nearchus.

1. Quanto periclo; sc. tuo; at what peril to yourself. - 2. Gaetulae -leaenae. That is: no less perilous to tear away Nearchus from his passionate mistress, than to snatch from the lioness her young. -3. Post paulo. For paulo post; as often also with prose writers. Obstantes catervas. In keeping with the figure of the preceding verso, the catervae are the venutores, the huntsmen of the lioness. 7. Cer

5.

tamen. In apposition with all that has gone before.

66

-Praeda-major

an illi. Major praeda is difficult of explanation, as praeda manifestly refers to Nearchus. Dillenb. leaves the matter thus: quae sana explicatio possit inveniri, nescio." Orelli adopts the conjecture of Peerlkamp, Cedet, major an illa, explaining thus: an illa victrix futura sit;" which is ingenious, but changes too much the construction. But it seems unnecessary to take major praeda so absolutely. May it not mean the greater share of victory, i. e. the greater share, in the regards of Nearchus ? 11. Arbiter pugnae. Nearchus, who may decide in favor of either of the parties. Posuisse. In illustration of the perfect here used, followed by recreare, Orelli quotes from Valerius Max. ii., 4, 2: Senatus consultum factum est, ne quis in urbe—subsellia posuisse sedensve ludos spectare vellet. -12. Palmam. That is, of victory; as is manifest from arbiter pugnae. The expression sub pede palmam ponere finely expresses the haughty contempt of Nearchus; and humerum-recreare, his air of negligence and utter indifference. 15. Nireus. A Grecian chief, famed for his beauty; Hom. Il. 2, 673; also Epod. 15, 22. -16. Raptus. Ganymede, carried off from Ida to Olympus.

ODE XXI.

Expecting a visit from his friend Messala, and intending to set before him the oldest wine in his cellar, the poet indulges in a eulogistic description of the uses of wine. The friend, in honor of whom the ode was written, was Marcus Valerius Messala Cor. vinus. Born A. U. c. 685, and therefore four years older than Horace, at his first entrance into public life, he was attached to the party of Brutus and Cassius, but went over to Antony, after the battle of Philippi. Still later, he joined the party of Octavianus, and was consul with him, A. v. c. 723.

He was no less distinguished in peace than in war, being always fond of literary pursuits, and favorably known as an orator and a poet.

1. Consule Manlio. The year A. U. C. 689, B. c. 65, when L. Manlius Torquatus was consul with L. Aurelius Cotta. This was therefore the year of the poet's birth.-In regard to the expression, comp. note, O. iii., 8, 12; and in regard to the fact, which it fixes, see Epod. 13, 6. 4. Pia testa. To be joined with nata. Pia is used poetically: my good jar; like benigna.· -5. Quocunque lectum nomine. For whatever purpose gathered. Nomen is used in the sense of finis, usus; and lectum, properly used of the uvae, is here transferred to the wine made from them. The idea is: whatever the purpose you were destined to serve, when you were made. Orelli quotes Varro, R. R. i., 1, 6, in illustration of the meaning of nomen. See others in Freund's Lex. -7. Descen de. That is, from the apotheca or fumarium. See n. O. iii., 8, 11.

9. So

8. Promere. Depends upon descende. Comp. O. iii., 28, 7.craticis. Such as are found in Plato and Xenophon. Comp. A. P. 310. 10. Horridus. With too much sternness. 11. Prisci Catonis. Cato Major, called also the Censor. Cicero gives a pleasant description of his habits, in his de Senec. chaps. 14-16. Comp. Bibliotheca Sacra, for May, 1846, p. 237.- 13. Lene tormentum. Gentle torture. Comp. Epist. i., 18, 38; A. P. 435. The poet means: As real tortures, the rack, etc., compel the guilty to confession, so wine, quasi lene tormen16. lum, softens by its agreeable violence, men of hard natures. Lyaeo. Abl. of instrument. On the word, comp. n. O. i., 7, 22. Compare with the whole passage, Ovid, A. A. 1, 237, seqq.- 18. Cornua. Cornua, by a figure of eastern origin, indicates courage and strength. Voss translates: des Muthes Hörner.-Ovid says, in the passage referred to in preceding note: tunc pauper cornua sumit. 22. Segnessolvere. Slow to loosen; that is, who never loosen; the ever-united Graces. The Graces are always so represented in ancient as well as in modern art. Comp. the Greek xápires σvvyía. Eurip. Hipp. 1147. With Venus, the Graces (whom Horace calls decentes, O. i., 4, 6) were tc be present, to maintain the decorum of the occasion.

ODE XXII.

The poet dedicates a pine tree to Diana, and vows to the goddess a yearly sacrifice.

2. Laborantes utero; i. e. parturientes. - -3. Ter. See n. Epist. ii., 1, 36.- -4. Triformis. In heaven, Luna, on earth, Diana, and in the infernal regions, Hecate. Comp. Virg. Aen. 4, 511. 5. Villae. On his Sabine farm. 6. Exactos annos. Quotannis; with every completed year. -7. Obliquum. In allusion to the way in which the teeth of the boa are set. So Ovid says, Her. 4, 104, nec obliquo dente timendus aper.

ODE XXIII.

The poet assures the rustic Phidyle, that the favor of the gods is gained, not by naty offerings, but by piety, and a blameless life.

1. Supinas. Up-turned; i. e. the palms upward; in distinction from pronas. This was usual with the ancients, in supplication. Comp. Virg. Aen. 3, 176; 4, 205; Liv. 26, 9 2. Nascente Luna. On the Calends

See n. O. iii., 19, 9. 8. Grave tempus; the autumu, on account of the prevailing south winds. See O. ii., 14, 15. The adjective is also thus used in Sat. i., 6, 18; and Livy, 3, 6.- 10. Devota; i. e. destined for sacrifice. Comp. O. iv., 2, 55, vitulus-qui-juvenescit in mea vota. Comp. Virg. Georg. 3, 157, seqq. 16. Deos. The little images of the household gods, in the atrium of the house. nis-mica. Immunis means free from guilt, innocent. the abl. For the force of the perfects tetigit, mollivit, see n. O. i., 28, 20. Orelli gives the construction thus: Immunis manus si tetigit aram, mollivit aversos Penates farre pio et saliente mica, non blandior (futura) sumptuosa hostia.

-17-20. ImmuSumptuosa is in

ODE XXIV.

As in the Fourteenth Ode of Book Second, so here also, the poet inveighs against the luxury and corruption of his countrymen, and draws in contrast a picture of the manners of ruder, but simpler and more virtuous nations. In allusion, doubtless, to the plans and efforts of Angustus, he declares, that he who would do aught for the real and perma nent good of the country, must bring about a total reformation of manners, and the resto. ration of a purer and bette: discipline.

Comp. O. i., 29, 1.

3. Caementis. 6. Summis

1. Intactis. By the Romans. See n. O. iii., 1, 35, in connection with n. O. ii., 18, 21. verticibus. To be understood of the tops of houses, as is manifest from the preceding caementis; for, by the caementa, the moles were formed, on which were erected villas and other buildings. Some understand sum. verticibus to refer to the heads of men, the owners of such villas; but this view is not to be accepted. The image of dread Necessity fastening adamantine spikes into the tops of lofty buildings is sufficiently bold, but to represent Necessity driving such spikes into a human head is scarcely less than ludicrous, certainly quite unworthy of Horace. In illustration of Necessitas and of clavos, see O. i., 35, 18.. 9. Campestres; i. e. "in campis (the Steppes of Tartary) viventes;" like voμádes, nomadic; in allusion to the wandering, Arab-like life of the Scythians. They are called profugi in O. i., 35, 9; and iv., 14, 42. Described by Homer, and many succeeding writers, as a people of simple manners, and upright life. Hom. Il. 13, 9; Strabo vii., p. 464; Dio Chrys. Ov. 69, p. 369, R.10. Plaustra-domos. So Aeschylus, Prom. 709: vávovo Scythis migrare per arva, Mos -10. Rite. According to their 11. Getae. A Thracian people,

TEUKUKλOLS ŎXous. And Silius, 3, 291: atque errantes, circumvectare Penates. custom as in Virg. Aen. 9, 352.

who lived on the Danube, and the borders of the Euxine.

12. Im

metata. Virg. Georg. 1, 126, mentions it as one of the features of the