Another participle passive, called also the gerundive, which denotes that what is spoken of must happen, ought to happen, or (sometimes) is actually happening, with respect to a person or thing; as, amandus, "who must, or ought to be, loved;" in ěpistolá scribendá, “in writing the letter.”

OF NUMBERS AND PERSONS.

VERBS have two numbers, singular and plural, like nouns, and three persons in each number.

All nouns, except ego and tu, are of the third person.

Of the Verb Esse, to be.

Before other verbs are declined, it is necessary to learn the verb esse, to be.

Sum, es, fui, esse, futurus, to be.

5. First Future Tense.-shall, or, will.

6. Second Future, or Future Perfect.-shall have.

SUBJUNCTIVE, OR POTENTIAL MOOD.

1. Present Tense.-may.

* Futūrus being in reality a participle, agrees with its substantive in gender and number; so that in the singular it may be either futurus, futura, or futurum; in the plural, futuri, -æ, or -ɑ.

DECLENSION OF VERBS REGULAR.

VERBS have four conjugations, both in the active and passive voice.

The first conjugation has a in the penultima (or last syllable but one) of the infinitive mood active; as, ămo, ămāre.†

The second has ē; as, moneo, monere.
The third has ě; as, rego, regere.

The fourth has 7; as, audio, audire.

VERBS ACTIVE in O are declined after these examples. 1. Am-o, am-as, m-āvi, am-āre; aman-di, aman-do, aman-dum; amāt-um, amāt-u; am-ans, amātu-rus: to love.

2. Mŏn-eo, mon-es, mon-ui, mon-ēre; monen-di, monen-do, monen-dum; monit-um, monit-u; mon-ens, monĭtū-rus: to advise. 3. Reg-o, reg-is, rex-i, reg-ĕre; regen-di, regen-do, regen-dum; rect-um, rect-u; reg-ens, rectu-rus: to

rule.

* Some compounds of sum have also a present participle; as, absum, to

be absent, part. absens, absent, or being absent.

+ Except do, "to give;" which makes dăre, dătum.

4. Aud-io, aud-is, aud-īvi, aud-īre; audien-di, audien-do, audien-dum; audīt-um, audit-u; audi-ens, auditu-rus: to hear,

Sing. Am-o,

FIRST CONJUGATION.-Amo.

ăm-a8, ăm-at, Plur. Am-amus, ăm-atis, ăm-ant,

INDICATIVE MOOD.

1. Present Tense.-do, am.

I love, am loving, or, do love. you love, are loving, or, do love. he loves, is loving, or, does love. We love, are loving, or, do love. ye love, are loving, or, do love. they love, are loving, or, do love.

2. Imperfect Tense.-did, was.

Sing. Am-abam,

am-ābas,

am-abat, Plur. Am-ābāmus, am-ābātis, am-abant,

Sing. Amāv-i, amāv-isti,

amāv-it,

Plur. Amav-ĭmus,

amav-istis,

I did love, or, was loving.

you
did love, or, were loving.
he did love, or, was loving.
We did love, or, were loving.
ye did love, or, were loving.
they did love, or, were loving.

3. Perfect Tense.-have.

I loved, or, have loved.
you loved, or, have loved.
he loved, or, has loved.
We loved, or, have loved.
ye loved, or, have loved.

amāv-ērunt, vel -ere, they loved, or, have loved.

4. Pluperfect Tense.-had.

Sing. Amav-ĕram,

amāv-ĕras,

amāv-ĕrat,

Plur. Amav-ĕramus, amav-ĕrātis, amāv-ĕrant,

I had loved.
you had loved.
he had loved.
We had loved.
ye had loved.
they had loved.