ENGLISH A NEW A. A. B. Jonson observes, that all our vowels are sounded doubtfully: in quantity (which is time), long or short; or, in accent (which is tune), sharp or flat. A is long in debating; short in stomaching; sharp in hate; flat in hat. adds, A is pronounced less than the French à, as With us, he in art, act; but when it comes before 1, in the end of a syllable, it obtaineth the French sound, and is uttered with the mouth and throat wide opened, the tongue bent from the teeth, as in all, all; and in salt, malt, balm, where a consonant followeth the l. For this latter mode of utterance, Wilkins adopts the Gr. a; and describes it to be framed by an emission of the breath betwist the tongue and the palate, the tongue being put into a more concave posture, and removed further off from the palate. The former mode of utterance of a, as in bat, bate, he describes to be framed by an emission of the breath betwixt the tongue and concave of the palate; the upper superficies of the tongue being rendered less concave, and at a less distance from the palate. adoption of the Greek character, as a mean of See AFT. The distinction, seems to be far preferable to any mark or figure of reference, a plan generally adopted by and the mate afore the maste. ABA/FT. DICTIONARY. aging, admits of a similar explanation; i. e. on or in the act of hunting, begging. the prefix is dropped; e. g. in Abeodan, to bid; Abitan, to bite; Acelan, to keel or cool. A per se (A by itself), as denoting pre-eminence, is not unusual in our old poets. O faire Creseide, the floure and A per se Of Troye and Greece. Chaucer. Testament of Creseide, v. 78. Clerc he was god ynou, and gut, as me telleth me stood with hem, and whanne he seide to hem, I am, thei And therewithall abacke she start. Chaucer. Legend of Tisbe. But both the fruit from hand, and floud from mouth Did flie abak, and made him vainely swinke. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. 7. "Away there! lower the mizen yard on deck,” He calls, and "brace the foremost yards aback!" Falconer. Shipwreck. On the aft or hind part; behind. modern orthoepists. 4, the English article, means one; in A. S. an. In A. S. on means in; and has been corrupted in English to an before a vowel, and to a before a given way to— consonant; and in writing and speaking it has been connected with the subsequent word: hence a numerous race of adverbs. From On dæg, On näht. On lenge, On bræde, On bæc, On lande, Or life, On middan, On wihte, On twa, On weg; we have Aday, Anight, Along, Abroad, Aback, Alead, Alive, Amid, Aright, Atwo, Away. Tooke. See And the boteswaine of the galley walked abaft the maste, ABALIENATE, writers on civil law, but has Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. ii. p. 187. To alienate. ―― A. in such expressions, as a-hunting, a-begging, proclamation, and others. See Menage and Wach In the A. S. the prefix a to words also in use past participle, Abanned, Aband (and so the word without it, is of constant occurrence. In some is written in the Mirror for Magistrates, and words, which have descended from that language, Spenser). Upon this past participle, the English | the word with this prefix is preserved; e. g. in Abandon, and also Fr. It. and Sp. appear to have Aride, Abut, Ashamed. In a far greater number been formed: and to Abandon is VOL I. ter. See also BAN, BAND, and BANISH, infra. The A. S. Bannan, or Abannan, would give the To band or bind, or put in bondage; to stay, or cause to stay, or remain in; to leave in, or give up to, a state of bondage or entire subjection. And then simply To resign; to quit, to desert, to forsake; and consequently, to reject or cast away to repel or drive away to banish. : Abandonment, n. is used by Cotgrave in v. Abandon. The authorities quoted are very modern : Abandoning appears also to have been a common noun; but the old noun was Abandon: applied to the act, the thing, or the person. He that dredeth God, spareth not to do that him ought to do; and he that loveth God, he wol do diligence to plese God by his werkes, and abandon himself with all his might wel for to do.-Chaucer. The Persones Tale. those forreiners, which came from farre, Grew great, and got large portions of land, That in the realme ere long they stronger arre, Then they which sought at first their helping hand, And Vortiger enforc't the kingdome to aband. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. 10. 'Tis better far the enemies l'aband Quite from thy borders, to a forren soile, Then he at home, thee and thy countrie spoile. Mir. for Magistrates, p. 119. What when Severus old did vnderstand, All pleasures quite and ioyes he had aband,. Pursuing warre.-Id. p. 172. Beg. Madame wife, they say that I haue dream'd Shakespeare. Tam. of S. Act i. sc. 1. As one past hope, adandon'd, And by himself given over.-Millon. Samson Agonistes. « Ror. I see no crime in her whom I adore, Dryden. Spanish Friar, Act iv. -Cities then Burke. On Reg. Peace. Let. 4. They amount (says he) to the sacrifice of powers, that have been most nearly connected with us; the direct or indirect annexation to France of all the parts of the continent, from Dunkirk to Hamburgh; an immense accession of territory; and, in one word, the abandonment of the independence of Europe.-Id. ib. p. 81. It is a point of cunning to wait upon him with whom you speak with your eye; as the Jesuits give it in precept; for there may be many wise men that have secret hearts and transparent countenances: yet this should be done with a demure abasing of your eye.-Bacon. Essay on Cunning. Let the example of our Lord's humility bring down the haughtiness of men; and when we consider how he abased himself, let us be vile in our own eyes, and abhor ourselves in dust and ashes.-Tillotson. Works, vol. iii. 217. Ser. 135. Absorb'd in that immensity I see, I shrink abas'd, & yet aspire to Thee.-Cowper. Retirement. Heaven was to be earned only by penance and mortification by the austerities and abasement of a monk, not by the liberal, generous, and spirited conduct of a man. Smith. Wealth of Nations, b. v. c. 1. ABA'SH, v. Į The past tense and past part. ABA'SHMENT. of Abase was anciently written Abaisit, Abayschid; whence the word Abash appears to be formed: and is applied to The feelings of those who are abased, depressed, disgraced, humbled. In Wicliff it is applied to The feelings which overpowered, subdued, the witnesses of the miraculous restoration of the damsel by Christ. Abasshe is found in Gower, used as a substantive. See BASH. Now is Berwick born doun, abaist is that cuntre. And as the new abashed Nightingale, Chaucer. Troilus, b. iii. fol. 173. Of stature more than wont, stood fore mine eyen. I saie to the, thou hast put me in a more greatte abasshe- Shakespeare. Tro. & Cres. Act i. sc. 3. For her faint heart was with the frozen cold Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 8. Burlon. Anatomy of Melancholy, p. Congreve. Homer. Hymn to Venus. And harsh austerity, from whose rebuke } Akenside. Pleasures of Imagination, d. iii. Shakespeare. Mid. Night's Dream, Act iii. sc. 2. Knight. My lord, I know not what the matter is, but to my judgement, your Highnesse is not entertained with that ceremonious affection as you were wont; there's a great abatement of kindnesse appeares as well in the generall dependants, as in the duke himselfe also, and your daughter. Shakespeare. Lear, Act i. sc. 4. And in this time was geuen vnto the kyng by the consent of the great and fatte abbottes, all religious houses that were of the value of three hundred marke and vnder, in hope, that their great monasteryes should haue continued still: but euen at that tyme one sayde in the parliament house, that these were as thornes, but the great abbottes were putrifyed old okes, and they must needes folowe. Grafton. Chron. Hen. VIII. an. 26. Wealth of Nations, b. v. c. 1. It. Abbreviare; Sp. Abreviar-from Lat. Brevis ; the Gr. Bpayus; A. S. Bracan, to break. See ABRIDGE. O Saviour, it was ever thy manner to call all men unto thee; when didst thou ever drive any one from thee? neither had it been so now, but to draw them closer unto thee, whom theu seemest for the time to abdicate. Bishop Hall. Contemp. Walke upon the Waters. 28th Jan. 1688-1689.-At length the house came to this grand resolution:--Resolved, That king James the second, Laving endeavoured to subvert the constitution of the kingCam, try breaking the original contract between king and people, and, by the advice of Jesuits, and other wicked persons, having violated the fundamental laws, and having withdrawn himself out of this kingdom, has abdicated the government, and that the throne is thereby become vacant. Parliamentary History. An. 1688-9. ABE law, and is applied to the forcible taking away of If beholding a candle, we protrude either upward or Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 20. Vpon assurance takyn of the said Hunyldus, that there Fabyan. Cronycles, c. 154. But might I getten as ye tolde, Some radde, that hii ssoide wende in at on hepe, Hir kyrtell, and hir mantell eke. ABERRANCE. Lat. Ab-errare, to stray or For though there were a fatality in this year, [" the great climactrical year, that is, sixty-three"] yet divers were, and others might be out in their account, aberring several wayes from the true and just compute, and calling that one year, which perhaps might be another. Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12. And therefore they not only swarm with errors, but vices depending thereon. Thus they commonly affect no man any further than he deserts his reason, or complies with their aberrancies.-Id. Ib. b. i. c. 3. So, then we draw near to God, when, repenting us of our former aberrations from him, we renew our covenants with him.-Bishop Hall. Sermon. James iv. 8. ABE'T, v. D. Boeten, betteren; Ger. Bes- To better, to aid, assist, support the designs of. ABH But in this kind, to come in brauing armes, I am thine Eme, the shame were to me Shakespeare. Rich. II. Act ii. sc. 3. Wherever the church and court party prevailed, addresses were framed, containing expressions of the highest regard to his Majesty, the most entire acquiescence in his wisdom, the most dutiful submission to his prerogative, and the deepest abhorrence of those who endeavoured to encroach upon it, by prescribing to him any time for assembling the parliament. Thus the nation came to be distinguished into Chaucer. Troilus, b. ii. fol. 159. petitioners and abhorrers.-Hume. England. An. 1680, The pacient abyding of the righteous shall be turned to Udal. St. Marke, c. 1. Clo. His vices you would say: there's no vertue whipt Shakespeare. Winter's Tale, Act iv. sc. 2. When all the earth shall melt into nothing, and the seas Abating all the rueful consequences of abiding in sin, When he, whom e'en our joys provoke, And stopp'd his wheels, and look'd his rage away. ABI'E, is very variously written. By Chaucer, In all the examples following, "buy or pay for, Turne we thiderward, and delyuer our prisons, And so it may betide, thei salle dere abie My [mine] that thei hide, my men in prison lie. Ac for the lesynge that thow Lucifer, lowe til Eve Ther dorste no wight hond upon him legge, Ye fathers, and ye mothers eke also, Quene of the regne of Pluto, derke and lowe, Full ofte er this it hath be seine The comen people is ouerleyne, Which when his brother saw, fraught with great griefe And wrath, he to him leaped furiously, And fouly said, by Mahoune, cursed thiefe, That direfull stroake thou dearely shalt aby. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. viii. Bar. Fool-hardy knight, full soon thou shalt aby Lest to thy perill thou abide it deare. Shakespeare. Mid. Night's Dream, Act iii. sc. 2. A'BJECTNESS. cast off or out, to cast down. The nouns, adjective, and adverbs, have a con- sequent application to that which is The damzell straght went, as she was directed Gan weepe and waile, as if great griefe had been affected. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. v. c. 9. st. 9. Oh noble Lord, bethinke thee of thy birth; Shakespeare. Tam. of Sh. Act i. sc. 3. ABJU'RE, v. Fr. Abjurer; It. Abjurare; ABJURA TION. Sp. Abjurar; Lat. Abjurare, (Ab jurare,) to swear from, to forswear. To go away from, or leave: to disown, to dis- It abjected his [Wolsey's] spirit to that degree, that he fell Strype. Memorials, b. i. c. 15. Fielding. Voyage to Lisbon. Udal. Luke c. 9. fol. 296. Ablaqueare, to dig about and lay bare the roots of Shakespeare. Mac. Act iv. sc. 3. Ph. And what is abjuration? La. When a clerk heretofore was convicted of felony, he Hobbs. A Dialogue of the Common Laws. And thereupon [he] took the oath in that case provided, viz. that he abjured the realm, and would depart from thence forthwith, at the port that should be assigned him, and A Jacobite, who is persuaded of the pretender's right to ABLACTATION. Lat. (of the lower age,) Ablactatus. (Ab-lacte, depulsus), driven from the Grafting by approach or ablactation is to be performed when the stock you would graft on, and the tree from which Now is the time for ablaqueation, and laying bare the Prohibition extends to all injustice, whether done by force, or fraud; whether it be by ablation, or prevention, Bp. Taylor. Great Exemplar, p. 2, § 37. Bp. Hall. Sermon. The Deceit of Appearance. A'BLE, v. Goth. Abal, strength: and hence the Lat. terminations in bilis, and our own in ble. See The verb, to able, appears to have been in as common usage in ancient writers, as to enable is Hable and Hability are in the old writers as That if God willinge to schewe his wraththe, and to make |