That if ghe ben out of chastisyng, whos parteneris ben ghe alle madd, than ne ghe ben auouteris & not sones. (Lat. Nothi. Mod. Ver. Bastards.) -Wiclif. Ebrewis, c. 12. Avoutrie, in Latine, is for to saye, approaching of another mannes bedde, thurgh whiche tho, that somtime were on fleshe, abandon hir bodies to other persons. Chaucer. The Persones Tale. Therefore seing the punishment of aduoutry is a meate that a me can not chew, let euery man consydre by hym selfe, how lothe another man would be therof, and let him not touche another mas wyfe, so shal his also not be medled withall.-Couerdale. Christen State of Matrymonye, p. 38. Yf a maried mã bringe a mortal accusacio upō another man, for anye fylthy acte that he shuld haue comitted with his wife, and couinceth him therof, the same aduouterer shal with the swerde be punished vnto death, according to ye sentece of the lawes imperiall.-Id. Ib. p. 39. For besydes that the aduoutresse altereth the inheritaūce, and with false promyses, & shamefull disceat withdraweth and stealeth it fro the right heires, she ladeth first her honest poore husbåde with great shame, great trauaile, labour, sorow & paine, in that he is faine to bring vp those aduouterous children, which are not his owne.-Id. Ib. p. 42. But if it be determined by iudgement that our mariage [Hen. VIII. and Queen Catherine,] was against Goddes law, and clerely voyde, then I shall not onely sorowe the departing from so good a lady and louyng copanion, but muche more lament and bewaile my infortunate chaunce, that I haue so long liued in adultry to Goddes great displeasure, and haue no true heyre of my body to inherite this realme. Hall. Hen. VIII. an. 20. It was in that poynt like vnto the church yt the Jewes had agaynst the coming of Christ, infected by many false folke wt false doctrin, & the scripture adulterate and viciate with false gloses and wronge exposicions. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 636. Wherfore he wrote louyngly vnto hym, that he should vtterly leaue of any further to folowe the newe attempted enterprise aduertisyng him and protesting openly, that the vsurping and wrongfull witholding of an other mans possession, was not so vyle and slaunderous, as the defyling of a pure and cleane bed, and adulterously keping the wife of his Christian brother -Grafton. Hen. VI. an. 4. If an alchymist should shew me brass coloured like gold, and made ponderous, and so adulterated that it would endure the touchstone for a long while, the deception is, because there is a pretence of improper accidents. Bp. Taylor. Of the Real Presence, s. 10. Bacon. Natural Hist. § 798. A knaue apothecary, that administers the physick, and makes the medicine, may do infinite harme, by his old obsolete doses, adulterine druggs, bad mixture, &c. Burton. Anat. of Melancholy, p. 360. For as adulterine metals retain the lustre and colour of gold, but not the value; so flattery, in imitation of friendship, takes the face and outside of it, the delicious part. Bp. Taylor, vol. i. Ser. 24. The present war has so adulterated our tongue with strange words, that it would be impossible for one of our great-grandfathers to know what his posterity have been doing, were he to read their exploits in a modern newspaper.-Spectator, No. 65. Democritus and his comrade, Leucippus, need not be envied the glory of being reputed the first inventors or founders of the atomical philosophy, atheized and adulterated. Cudworth. Intell. System, p. 17. We have well proved, that Leucippus and Democritus were not the first inventors, but only the depravers and adulterators of the atomical philosophy.-Id. Ib. Was I the cause of mischief, or the man -Senates seem Custom, habit, the desire of novelty, and a thousand other causes, confound, adulterate, and change our palates. Burke. On the Sublime and Beautiful. Heresie, or blasphemy, may creep in without possibility of prevention: hath no external forms to entertain the fancy of the more common spirits; nor any allurement to perswade and entice its adversaries: nor any means of adunation and uniformity amongst its confidents. Bp. Taylor. Set Forms of Liturgie, Pref. The conjunction of persons in spiritual bands, in the same faith, and the same hope, and the union of them in the same mystical head, is an adunation nearer to identity then those instances between parents and children, which are onely cemented by the actions of nature as it is of distinct consideration from the spirit. Chaucer. Troilus, b. ii. To shadow out; a description or delineation; honourable and learned gentlemen of the house, to be call'd and, consequentially, to describe or delineate. a combination of libelling separatists, and the advocates Christ is not [says Antonnius, arch-bishop of Florence,] our advocate alone, but a judge: and since the just is scarce secure, how shall a sinner go to him, as to an advocate? Therefore God hath provided us of an advocatess, who is gentle, and sweet, in whom nothing that is sharp is to be found.-Bp. Taylor. Dissuasive from Popery, pt. i. s. 9. Pru. Leave your advocateship, Except that we shall call you Orator Fly, And send you down to the dresser, and the dishes. B. Jonson. New Inn, Act ii. Will any man be content to be that abject from God, that loathed, refuse, reprobated creature, such an one that all the prayers of all the saints on earth, intercessions and suffrages of martyrs and angels in heaven, yea, the very gaping wounds and vocal bloud of Christ upon the cross, I shall add, the minutely advocation and intercession of that glorified Saviour at the right hand of his father, cannot help to any tolerable reception at God's hands? Hammond. Works, vol. iv. p. 506. The mysteriousness of Christ's priesthood, the perfection of his sacrifice, and the unity of it, Christ's advocation and intercession for us in heaven, might very well be accounted traditions, before Saint Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews was admitted for canonical. Bp. Taylor. Dissuasive from Popery, b. i. pt. ii. s. 3. Our poet, something doubtful of his fate, Dryden. Epil. to Maiden Queen He therefore himself sees no middle term whatsoever, and therefore prefers of what he sees the individual; this is the only thing distinct and sensible that has been advocated. Burke. Reform of Representation. Fr. Aduste; It. Adusto; Sp. Adusto; Lat. Adurere, Adustum, (Ad-urere,) to burn. ADU'RE. Raufe, the byshop of Chichestre than stode vp lyke a praty man, and rebuked the kynge for takynge that trybute, whych lyke an adust concyenced hypocryte he called the fyne of fornycacyon.-Bale. English Votaries, pt. ii. And althoughe, that, to touche and se them wythoute, and throughe the bodyes; they were not exceadinge hotte nor pale, but thair skynne was as redde colour adusted, full of a lytle thynne blaynes.-Nicoll. Thucydides, fol. 57. A degree of heat, which doth neither melt nor scorch, doth mellow and not adure.-Bacon. Nat. Hist. § 319. If natural melancholy abound in the body, which is cold and dry, so that it be more than the body is well able to bear, it must needs be distempered and diseased: and so the other [unnatural], if it be depraved, whether it arise from that other melancholy of choler adust, or from blood, produceth the like effects, and is, as Montaltus contends, if it come by adustion of humors, most part hot and dry. Burton. Anatomy of Melancholy, p. 34. Did her perfections call me on to gaze, Then like, then love, and now would they amaze; Or was she gracious afar off, but near, For soon a whirlwind rose around, I am a gentleman of Verona, Sir, That hearing of her beautie and her wit, Her efability and bashfull modestie : Her wondrous qualities and milde behaviour, Beaum. & Fletch. Martial Maid, Act iii. This led him [Charles] to a grave, reserved deportment, in which he forgot the civilities and the affability that the ration naturally loved, to which they had been long accusLed-Burnet. Own Time, b. i. Distinguished as he [Euphrates, the philosopher] is by the sanctity of his manners, he is no less so by his polite and afable address.-Melmoth. Pliny, b. i. Let. 10. AFFAIR, n. Fr. Afaire, Affaire, (tout ce qui est à faire, Menage); It. Affare, (qui a été fait d'edfacere, Id.). That which is to do; to be done; a matter or thing, doing, done, managed, conducted, transacted, settled. Afare, Chaucer, (in the original strepitus), Skinner thinks may be Afear: it seems to mean Ado. But what desirest thou of fortune, with so greate afare? (tanto strepitu.)-Chaucer. Boecius. De Consol. b. ii. For the beth meny.... myne afferes to aspye. No man that warreth, entangleth hym self with the affaires of this life, because he wolde please him that hathe chosen hym to be a souldier.-Geneva Bible. 2 Tim. ii. 4. And certainly I am abashed that among wise men so highe affaires should be so soone and sodaynly concluded and determined.-Golden Boke, c. 12. Ces. I have eyes upon him, and his affaires come to me on the wind: wher is he now? Shakespeare. Ant. & Cleop. Act iii. sc. 6 They teach her to recede, or to debate, With toys of love, to mix affairs of state.-Prior. Solomon. Could chance Find place in his dominion, or dispose One lawless particle to thwart his plan, Then God might be surprised, and unforeseen Contingence might alarm him, and disturb, The smooth and equal course of his affairs. Cowper. Task, b. ii. AFFAIT, v. Fr. Affaicter. Used by R. of Gloucester as we use Defeat. Used by Piers Plouhman and Gower, in a consequent application To tame, to make subservient to, to subdue. Tho the kyng hem adde afayted so, that hyi ne kepte nanmore hym mete. Gut he thogte asayty the Scottes, as he hem lete. My father ye shall well beleue Abilitie is of a wonderfull efficacie or power in prorang loue. And it is in sondry wyse, but moste proprely, where a man is facyle or easye to be spoken vnto. It is also where a man speketh courteysely with a swete speche or countenance, wherwith the herers (as it were with a dely-raise cate odour) be refreshed, and alured to loue him, in whom is this moste delectable qualytie. Elyot. The Governour, b. ii. c. 5. And eche of them his tyme awaiteth, Whiche woll not be of her assent.-Id. Ib. b. ii. AFFA MISH, v. Į Fr. Affamer; It. AffaAFFA'MISHMENT. mare; Lat. Fames. See FA MINE. To starve with hunger. But th' only image of that heavenly ray, And thereon feed my love-afjamisht hart.-Spenser, Son.86. himself, by the affamishing of others? What can be more unjust, than for a man to endeavour to Neither can it serve his turn to say, by way of excuse, that the multitude of buyers may be the cause of a dearth. Bp. Hall. Cases of Conscience, Dec. i. c. 5. [Christ was] carried into the wilderness-for the opportunity of his tyranny, for the horrour of the place, for the affamishment of his body, &c.-Id. Contemplations, b. iv. AFFE/AR. v. See To FEAR. Afeard, now considered a vulgarism, was anciently as common as Afraid is at present, and was variously written: A ferde, afered, afeard, aferd. It has no logical connexion with Afraid, (qv.) A gret ok he wolde breide a doun, as it a smal gerde were, Piers Plouhman, p. 198. Chaucer. Prologue. The Sompnour. Chin as woolly as the peach, This wif was not aferde ne affraide, Id. The Shipmannes Tale, v. 13,329. B. Jonson. Her Man described AFFE'ER, v. Fr. Affeurer, is to appraise, AFFE'ERER. to set or affix a price, or tax: AFFE'ERMENT. and an Affeeror (Law Lat. Afferator) was one who fixed the amount of the tax or amercement upon oath; and the verb, Affeurer, may have been formed upon Affier (to affy) To assure, affirm, affix. Macduffe. Bleed, bleed, poor country, Great tyranny, lay thou thy basis sure, For goodnesse dare not check thee: wear you thy wrongs, The title is affear'd.-Shakespeare. Macbeth, Act iv. sc. 1. Which method of liquidating the amercement to a precise sum, was usually performed in the superior courts by the assessment or affeerment of the coroner, a sworn officer chosen by the neighbourhood.—Blackstone. Com. b. iv. c. 29. In the court leet and court baron it is still performed by affeerors, or suitors sworn to affeere, that is, tax and moderate the general amercement according to the particular circumstances of the offence and the offender.-Id. Ib. AFFE/CT, v. phorically. To act to AFFECTER. wards, the attainment of; AFFECTUOUS. to aim at; to pretend to; AFFECTUOUSLY. to assume; to arrogate; to lean towards; to incline; to influence; to dispose. The verb, to affect; the derivatives, affectation, affected, affectedly, are (and formerly affection and affectioned were) particularly applied to the assumption and ostentatious display of deceitful appearances; and, consequentially, applied to de note Hypocrisy or false pretence; self-conceit; selfsufficiency. To act towards, the excitement of any sensation, passion, or emotion; and, consequentially, to move, raise, or excite, any feeling, sensation, passion, or emotion The noun, affection (and so formerly affectation); the derivatives, affectioned, affectionate, affectionately, are particularly applied to : The kind, tender, benevolent feelings as love, etymo-good-will, or benevolence; friendly regard, zealous Fr. Affecter; It. Affettare; Sp. Afectar; Lat. Affectum, past part. of Afficere, Affectare, (Adfacere,) to make to or towards. To act or operate upon, so as to make to or towards; to influence, or tend to; either literally or meta attachment. Affectuous and effectuous were formerly used, as we now use both effectual and affectionate. Ful lusty was the wether and benigne, Id. The Squieres Tale, v. 10,370. It signifieth cryste, vnto all men desyering to vnderstand prophecies euer to sende some that will teche hi that is so minded towerdes God as was daniel affected towerds cryste & his aungel when this vision shuld be declared. Joye. Exposicion of Daniel, c. 8. The text saith that Antiochus shall consult the forsakers and travterouse transgressors of the lawe which were ye bisshopes with their affinite affectinge and prouoking antioc. to robbe and defyle the temple with images and haithen rytes. Joye. Exposicion of Daniel, c. 11. Be mery with the that are mery. Wepe also with them yt wepe. Be of lyke affeccyon one towardes another. Bible, 1539. Rom. c. 12. But though a man cannot haue any wille at al in that thing whereof he hath vtterlye nothing knowen nor heard tell of, nor had ymaginacion in hys mynde, nor any thyng thought vpon yet when the minde with diuers reasons and argumentes is once moued of a matter, the wille as it happeth of other occasions at the time to be well or euill affectionate, so may geue it selfe in to the consent and agreement of the tone syde or of the tother, yea & that sometyme on that syde for affection, vpo whiche syde he seeth leaste parte of hys witte and reason.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 584. Some indeed have been so affectedly vain, as to counterfeit immortality, and to have stoln their death in a hope to be esteemed immortal.-Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 10. There affectation, with a sickly mien, Pope. The Rape of the Lock, c. 4. Many that were well affected to the church, but that made conscience of subscribing to a book that they had not seen, left their benefices on that very account. Burnet. Own Time, b. ii. an. 1661. He loves you too, with such an holy fire, He [Pearson, bishop of Chester] was a judicious and grave preacher, more instructive than affective; and a man of a spotless life, and of an excellent temper. Burnet. Own Time, b. iv. an. 1686. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. vi. c. 1. ascribed. It is one thing to make an idea clear, and another to make it affecting to the imagination. Burke. On the Sublime and Beautiful. O, friendly to the best pursuits of man, It is not meant, that we should be affectedly forward in talking of our religion; but, whenever we are called to do so, unaffectedly own it, and stand by it.-Secker. vol. i. Ser.3. Those expectations of mine seem now so well grounded, that my disappointment, and consequently my anger, will be so much the greater if they fail; but, as things stand now, I am most affectionately and tenderly yours. Chesterfield, Let. 159. This passage carries such a lively affectingness with it that I well remember the impression which it made upon my mind, when I last read it, and nearly half a century ago.-Whitaker. On Gibbon, p. 164. Affection is applicable to an unpleasant as well as a pleasant state of the mind, when impressed by any object or quality. Cogan. On the Passions, c. 1. § 1. When we remark that a person has an affectionate heart, we mean to applaud his being under the influence of the best affections, of a social and relative nature.-Id. Ib. And lion-skinn'd freethinking, safe affector of thy bravery, insults whom thou hast disarmed, ten times slays the slain, and claims to be the sole gatherer up of the spoils. Search. Light of Nature, vol. ii. pt. iii. c. 27. AFFEIGN. i. e. feigned; invented; falsely -She is Fortune verely Id. The Shipmannes Tale, v. 13,070. She parseueryd knelynge at his feete, & sayde, that by Goddys purueyaunce she [Joan of Arc] was taught that he was hir very soueraygne prynce & none other. Wherfore ye kynge and all his lordes had in hyr ye more affyaunce, that by hyr the lande shulde be releuyd, which at that daye was in passynge mysery.-Fabian. Car. VIII. an. 1422. If it be so presumptuous a matter to put affiance in the merites of Christe, what is it then, to put affiance in our owne merites.- Jewel. Defence of the Apologie, p. 76. All bounteous offers freely they embrace, Mar. As there comes light from heauen, and words fro breath, As there is sence in truth, and truth in virtue, Shakespeare. Meas. for Meas. Act v. sc. 1. At last such grace I found, and meanes I wrought, That I that lady to my spouse had wonne; Accord of friends, consent of parents sought, Affiance made, my happinesse begonne. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. 4. Trust and reliance on God is our duty and privilege. Every being has a necessary dependance on him for its subsistence; but man of all the visible creatures is only capable of affiance in him.-Bates. On the Existence of God. AFFILE, v. Fr. Affiler; It. Affiláre; Sp. or AFILE. Afilar. See FILE. To rub, to smoothen (by rubbing), to polish or refine. For wel he wiste, whan that song was songe, Chaucer. Prol. The Pardonere. AFFINITY. AFFINED, part. Fr. Affinité; It. Affinitá; Sp. Afinidad; Lat. Affinitus, Affinis, (Ad-finis.) See FINE. That which bounds, terminates, ends; that which surrounds or incloses within bounds: includes, concludes. The kindred of man and wife are called Affines, or said to be in affinity, because two families are united by the marriage; and the one has approached ad finem alterius cognationis. Affinity is applied generally toRelationship, alliance, connexion, resemblance, similarity. For I am sure that Fryth and al his felowes, with all the friendes that are of theyr affiniti, shal neither be able to quenche and put out that faith.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 903. Osway assemblyd his knyghtes, & made towarde hym: and for affynite of maryage that was atwene theyr children, Oswy offeryd to hym many great offirs to thentent to have had peace with hym.-Fabyan, c. 133. Jago. Now, sir, be judge yourselfe, Whether I, in any just terme, am affin'd To loue the Moore ?-Shakespeare. Othello, Act i. sc. 1. The king [Henry VI.] unto a fatal match is led Some have thought its [Cameleon] name not unsuitable unto its nature; the nomination in Greek is a little lion, not so much for the resemblance of shape, as affinity of condition.-Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 21. When I consider the affinity betwixt sleep and death, whose image it is, I cannot but think it unlikely this life should be design'd for our happiness, since not to lose almost half of it were an infelicity. Boyle. Occasional Reflections, § 2. Med. 6. Every one who has been long in Italy knows very well, that the cadences in the recitativo bear a remote affinity to the tone of their voices in ordinary conversation. Spectator, No. 29. It is probable that the eagle and the carcass was a proverbial image among the people of the East, expressing things inseparably connected by natural affinities and sympathies. Horsley, vol. i. Ser. 2. And take this for a generall reule, that every conseil that is afermed so strongly, that it may not be chaunged for no condition that may betide, I say that thilke conseil is wicked. Chaucer. Tale of Melibeus. - Doughter, stint thin hevinesse; Among the goddes highe it is affermed, And by eterne word written and confermed, Thou shalt be wedded unto on of tho, That han for thee so mochel care and wo. Id. The Knightes Tale, v. 2350. Parde euery conceipte of euery reasonable creature, otherwise wil not graunt: will in offirmatife with not willing by no wale show accord.-Id. The Test. of Loue. To appease the multytude, the kynge toke the childe in his armys, and so bare hym into the place of the assemble of the people, and there shewed vnto theym, wt affirmaunce of great othes, that his entent was oonly for the wele of the childe and for defence of his countre.-Fabyan, c. 186. And for a more vehement afyrmacyon he doubleth his owne wordes sayenge, he that here hath not receyued forgetenesse of his synnes, he shall not be there, he shall not surelye be there: he meaneth that he shall neuer come to heace, which here hath not his remission. Johan Fryth. An Answere vnto my Lorde of Rochestre, k. 2. Yet is it not euen so, so fieble as his owne, where he argueth in the negatiue, as I lay the sample for thaffyrmative.—Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1131. Believing it the word of God, he must of necessity believe It true and if he believe it true, he must believe it contains a necessary direction to eternal happiness, because it firms it self to do so.-Chillingworth. Relig, of Protestants. Those attributes and conceptions that were applicable and maale of him when present, are now affirmable and applicable to him though past.-Hale. Orig. of Mank. p.104. The common opinion of the Oestridge, struthiocamelus or sparrow camel, conceives that it digesteth iron, and this is confirmed by the afre ions of many. Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 22. The rule, as it is prescribed in the gospel, is affirmative and preceptive: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so." But this affirmative precept implies the negative, that so much celebrated rule of righteousness and justice: "That which ye would not that men should do to you, do ye not to them."-Hale. Contemp. Matt, vii. 12. They tell you, it is as gross a paradox to hold there are no antipodes, and that the negative is now as absurd as the carmalite seemed at first.-Howell, b. iii. Let. 9. The reason of man hath not such restraint; concluding Lot onely afirmatively but negatively; not onely affirming there is no magnitude beyond the last heavens, but also denying there is any vacuity within them. Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 7. All our affirmations are only in concrete, which is the arming, not one abstract idea to be another, but one abstract idea to be joined to another. Jocke. On Hum. Underst. b. iii. c. 8. An afirmative proposition is when the idea of the predicate is supposed to agree to the idea of the subject, and is joined to it by the word is, or are, which is the copula; as, All men are sinners.-Watts. Logick, pt. ii. s. 2. If one writer shall affirm that virtue added to faith is sufficient to make a christian, and another shall as zealously deny this proposition, they seem to differ widely in words, and yet perhaps they may both really agree in sentiment: If by the word virtue, the affirmer intends our whole duty to God and man; and the denier by the word virtue means only courage, or at most our duty toward our neighbour, without including in the idea of it the duty which we owe to God-Id. Ib. pt. i. c. 6. In which tract of 70 years time, the vulgar sort of Jews neglecting their own maternal tongue (the Hebrew,) began to speak the Chaldee; but not having the right accent of it, and fashioning that new-learned language to their own innovation of points, affixes, and conjugations, out of that intermixture of Hebrew and Chaldee, resulted a third language, cali'd to this day the Syriac.-Howell, b. ii. Let. 60. Sixe severall times do we find that Christ shed his blood; in his circumcision, in his agonie, in his crowning, in his scourging, in his affixion, in his transfixion. Bp. Hall. Ser. Gal. ii. 20. We see two sorts of white butterflies fastening their eggs to cabbage-leaves, because they are fit aliment for the caterpillars that come of them; whereas, should they affix them to the leaves of a plant improper for their food, such caterpillars must needs be lost.-Ray. On the Creation. Perkyn Warbeck then beyng in Flaunders, had taken great care and sorowe for that his craftie conueighaunce was espied and openly knowen, and also that kyng Henry alyes, and thereby he was] in despaire of all the ayde and had afflicted and punished diuerse of his confederates and succour that was to hym promysed and appoyneted. Hall. Hen. VII. an. 11. For as Salamon sayth. The hope that is differred and delaied, paineth and afflicleth the soule. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1080. For as the affliccions of Christ are plenteous in vs, euen so is oure consalacion plenteous by Christ. Bible, 1539. 2 Cor. c. 1. Shed thy faire beames into my feeble eyne, And raise my thoughts, too humble, and too vile, To think of that too glorious type of thine, The argument of mine afflicted stile. Spenser. Introd. to Faerie Queene. Thou art deceived, if thou thinkest God delights in the misery and afflictedness of his creature. Bp. Hall. Balm of Gilead, c, 2. s. 6. What! when we fled amain, pursued and struck With heaven's afflicting thunder, and besought The deep to shelter us? This hell then seem'd A refuge from those wounds.-Milton. Par. Lost, b. ii. Glo. I do remember now: henceforth I'le beare Affliction, till it do cry out it selfe Enough, enough, and dye-Shakes. Lear, Act iv. sc. 6. If he be compassionate towards the afflictions of others, it shews that his heart is like the noble tree that is wounded itself when it gives the balm.-Bacon. Ess. On Goodness. He that cures his sin by any instruments, by external, or interiour and spiritual remedies, is penitent, though his dyet be not ascetick, and afflictive, or his lodging hard, or his sorrow bursting out into tears, or his expressions passionate and dolorous.-Taylor. Gt. Exemp. pt. ii. § 11. The fallen angels, having acted their first part in heaven, are made sharply miserable by transition, and more afflictively feel the contrary state of hell.-Brown, Christ.Mor.x.2. The evils in this life afflict men more or less according as the soul is fortified with considerations proper to support us under them.-Tillotson. Works, vol. i. Ser. 8. It is implied, and intended to be inferred, that there are many just and good, wise and useful ends; upon account of which, God permits so many afflictions to fall upon man kind; and the consideration therefore of which, (so far as we can discover them in this present dark and imperfect state,) ought to teach us patience and chearful resignation to the divine will.-Clarke. Works, vol. i. Ser. 96. From evil, that is, principally, from sin or evil moral and spiritual; the onely evil, simply and in its own nature such; and the root of all other evil: from that, and consequently from all mischief (evil, natural, and temporal; or evil penal and afflictive,) which may grow upon, or sprout from thence.-Barrow. An Expos. of the Lord's Prayer. Fair Fancy wept, and echoing sighs confess'd Not with more grief the afflicted swains appear, 33 Fr. Affluence; It. Affluenza; Sp. Afluencia; "Lat. Affluentia, Affluens, pres. part. of Affluere, (Ad-fluere,) to flow to. Applied metaphorically, to Wealth, riches, or opulence, flowing with the fulness of a flood; in abundance. A/FFLUENCE, n. They were both [Buckingham and Essex] of sweet and accostable nature, almost equally delighting in the press and affluence of dependants and suiters. Wotton. Reliquiæ. A Parallel. I shall not need to relate the affluence of young nobles, and others, from hence into Spain, after the voice of our prince; his being there had been quickly noised, and at length believed.-Id. Ib. Life of Buckingham. External or worldly prosperity, consists in an accommodate condition of man in this world, as health of body, comfort of friends and relations, affluence, or at least competency of wealth, power, honour, applause, good report, and the like.-Hale. Contemp. vol. i. Victory of Faith. [Pleurisy is] an inflammation, either simple, consisting only of an hot and sanguineous affluxion; or else denominable from other humours according to the predominancy of melancholy, flegm, or choler.-Brown. Vulg. Err. b. iii. c. 3. I see thee, Lord and end of my desire, Loaded and blest with all the affluent store Which human vows at smoking shrines implore. Prior. Henry & Emma. Though an unwieldly affluence may afford some empty pleasure to the imagination, yet that small pleasure is far from being able to countervail the imbittering cares that attend an overgrown fortune. Boyle. Occasional Reflections, § 4. Dis. 11. An animal that must lie still, receives the afflux of colder or warmer, clean or foul water, as it happens to come to it.-Locke. This country is so highly indebted to Sir Edward Hawke, that no expence should be spared to secure to him an honourable and affluent retreat.-Junius, Let. 1. Our writers of rising merit are generally neglected, while the few of an established reputation are overpaid by luxurious affluence.-Goldsmith. On Polite Learning. AFFORD. No satisfactory etymology has been given of this word. It is perhaps formed upon Affeered, the past part. of Affeer, (qv.) to appraise, to set, or fix, a price, a value; and then applied, consequentially To prize, to value, to estimate; to rate; sc. as the price of sale, for which any thing may be sold; vended, set out for sale, brought forth, produced, yielded. And hence generally To bring forth, to produce, to yield, to supply: and further, to be able to buy, or sell, or expend. [There is no such offering of Christ in the Scripture, where you will find it once afford for all. Sheldon. in Life of Chillingworth. Par. I would the cutting of my garments wold serue the turne, or the breaking of my Spanish sword. Lo. E. We cannot affoor'd you so. Shakespeare. All's Well that Ends Well, Act iv. King. Why speak'st thou not? Hier. What lesser liberty can kings afford Than harmless silence? Then afford it me. Spanish Tragedy, Act v. No, no, Hieronimo, thou must enjoin Thine eyes to observation, and thy tongue To milder speeches than thy spirit affoords.-Ib. Act iv. So farre was the huge vnwealdie empire of Alexander, or of the Romans, short of the Tartarian greatnesse, that the expedition of some one of the subiects of this empire, hath pierced as farre into the west, as euer Alexander into the east, and that happily among more resolute courages than the Persians or Indians, effeminated with wealth and peace, could affoord.-Purchas. Pilgrimage, b. iv. c. 2. She bad, Be silent now; and not a word Chapman. Homer. Odyssey, b. xv. We came to Pylos, where the studious due That any father could affoord his son, Nestor, the pastor of the people, show'd To me arriu'd. Id. Ib. b. xvii. Whether the flux and reflux of the sea be caused by any magnetism from the moon; whether the like be really made out, or rather metaphorically verified in the sympathies of plants and animals, might afford a large dispute. Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3. Great Dryden next, whose tuneful muse affords The sweetest numbers, and the fittest words. Addison. English Poets. The quiet lanes of Surry, leading to no great mart, or general rendezvous, afford calmer retreats on every side, than can easily be found in the neighbourhood of so great a town.-Gilpin. Tour to the Lakes. F All forests which King Henry our grandfather afforested and made, shall be viewed by good and lawful men, and if he haue made forest of any other wood more than his owne demesne, whereby the owner of the wood hath hurt, we wil that forthwith it be disafforested. Rudall. Charter de Foresta, e. 1. The charter de foresta was to reform the encroachments made in the time of Richard I. and Hen. II., who had made new afforestations, and much extended the rigour of the Forest Law.--Hale. Hist. of Common Law. AFFRAY, v. Fr. Effrayer. Etymologists AFFRAY, n. have not settled the origin of AFFRA'ID. this word. The old English word, to fray; to rub, to ruffle; supplies a meaning which appears sufficiently to account for all the usages of the verb and noun, Affray, and of the adjective Affraid also. See EFFRAY and FRAY. To put out of order, to scare, to disorder, to confuse, or confound, to disturb, to harass, to contest, to combat. And, consequentially To alarm, to terrify, to raise apprehensions of danger. Affrays (from affraier, to terrify) are the fighting of two or more persons in some public place, to the terror of his Majesty's subjects: for, if the fighting be in private, it is no affray, but an assault.-Blackstone. Commentaries, b.iv. c.11. Here make thy court amidst our rural scene, And shepherd-girls shall own thee for their queen. With thee be chastity, of all afraid, Distrusting all, a wise suspicious maid. Deci. If Cæsar hide himselfe, shall they not whisper Loe Cæsar is afraide?-Shakespeare. Julius Caesar, Act ii. A goddess arm'd Out of thy head I sprung. Amazement seiz'd All the host of heaven; back they recoil'd afraid At first and called me Sin, and for a sign Portenteous held me.-Milton. Paradise Lost, b. ii. Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer; And without sneering, teach the rest to sneer; Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike, Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike. Pope. Pro. to Satires. Collins. Orient. Ecl. A. S. Frihtan, Afryht-an, to terrify. See FRIGHT. AFFRIGHT, v. AFFRIGHT, n. AFFRIGHTEDLY. Where the modern verAFFRIGHTER. J sion of the Scriptures uses AFFRIGHTFUL. affright, Tindale uses, in AFFRIGHTMENT. some instances, fear; in others, affray. Affright, n. is not of common occurrence in the elder writers. To feel, to cause the feeling of dread, fear or terror; to terrify. -His helm was fulle of myre, William was not paied, that falle mad him ofright He stode alle dismaied.-R. Brunne, p. 70. Ev'n those who dwell beneath its very zone, Pope. Ess. on Man. Ep. 2. That should not be made a prejudice against Christianity, and revealed religion; nor lookt upon as such an afrightful Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 5. bugbear or mormo in it.-Cudworth. Intellect. System, Pref. -Nought could she say, By God me mette I was in swiche mischefe Chaucer. The Nonnes Preestes Tale, v. 14,901. The day upon the host affrightedly doth look, To see the dreadful shock, their first encounter gave, As though it with the roar, the thunder would out-brave. Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 22. When now the genius of this woeful place, Being the guide to his affrightful ghost, With hair dishevell'd, and a ghastly face, Shall haunt the prison where his life was lost. Id. Baron's Wars. The clergy, whose office is like watchmen to give an alarm at every approach of sin, with as much affrightment as if an enemy were near, or the sea broke in upon the flat country. Bp. Taylor, vol. ii. Ser. 3. I have known a soldier that has entered a breach affrighted at his own shadow, and look pale upon a little scratching at his door, who the day before had marched up against a battery of cannon.-Spectator, No. 12. Fortune doth not further its [virtue's] acquists, but casteth in rubs and hinderances thereto, every condition presenting its allurements, or its affrightments from it. Barrow, vol. iii. Ser. 18. Daughter of Jove! relentless power! Thou tamer of the human breast! Whose iron scourge, and torturing hour, The bad affright, afflict the best.-Gray. Adversity. He sees the wide extended desart lie before him; what is past only increases his terror of what is to come. His course is not half finished, he looks behind him with afright, and forward with despair.-Goldsmith. On Polite Learning. AFFRONT, v. Fr. Affronter; It. AffronAFFRONT, n. Stare; Sp. Afrontar; Lat. Ad-frontem. See AFRONT, CONFRONT, &C. To stand front to front; as hostile armies; as one who means to oppose the progress of another; or to offer disrespect, insult, contempt; and, consequentially To offend by disrespect; to insult. For ich ne wiste wher to ete. ne in what place Piers Plouhman, p. 392. In this meane whyle king Philip and the French king with two most puyssaunt armies affronted eche other neere vnto the water of Some, eyther of them being obstinately bent to driue the other out of the fielde, for which cause they entrenched their campes.-Grafton. Q. Mary. an. 6. He highly leapt out of his place of rest, And rushing forth into the empty field, Against Cambello fiercely him addrest: Who him affronting, soone to fight was ready prest. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iv. c. 3. Skilfull captaines, in arraunging of their battailes, place first in the vantguard thicke and strong squadrons to affront the enemie, then light armed souldiors, afterwards the archers and darters, and last of all in the rereward the companies of succours.-Holland. Ammianus Marcel. b. xiv. Yea often plac'd Within his sanctuary itself, their shrines, Abominations; and with cursed things His holy rites, and solemn feasts profan'd, And with their darkness, durst affront his light. Milton. Paradise Lost, b. i. I neer attempted aught against thy life, If thy brother or thy neighbour have offered thee an injury or an affront, forgive him.-Chillingworth, Ser. 3. The movings of nature, in the breasts of all mankind tell us, how keenly, how regretfully, every man resents the abuse of his love; how hardly any prince, but one, can put up an offence against his acts of mercy; and how much more affrontive it is to despise mercy ruling by the golden sceptre of pardon, than by the iron rod of penal law. South, vol. ix. Ser. 4. |