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Claspers are of a compound nature between that of a root and a trunk. Their use is sometimes for support only; as in the claspers of vines, briony, &c. Those of briony have a retrograde motion about every third circle, in form of a double clasp, so that if they miss one way, they may catch the other. Sometimes the use of claspers is also for a supply, as in the trunk roots of ivy;-sometimes also they serve for stabiliment, propagation, and shade.

Derham. Physico-Theology, b. x. Note 19. Such strange events, such unexpected chances, Beyond my warmest hope, or wildest wishes, Concurr'd to give me to Aspasia's arms, I stand amaz'd, and ask, if yet I clasp thee.

Johnson. Irene, Act iii. sc. 10.

CLASS, v. Sp. Classe; It. Classe; CLASS, N. Fr. Classe; Lat. Classis, a CLASSICK, adj. calando, (Quint. 1. 6. 23.) CLASSICK, n. And Vossius has no doubt CLA'SSICAL. that Classis is either a caCLA'SSICALLY. lando, or from the Gr. KλnCLASSIFICATION. σις, ab eodem καλειν, to call. Classis, generally, is called; a multitude called or convoked. Applied in Latin—

First, to ships and seamen called together. Then to the people called together into divisions. Then to any division, distribution, or arrangement into ranks or orders.

Classick or classical,- pertaining to divisions into ranks or orders; arranged in orders; orderly: and as those of the first class, (Aulus Gel. 7. 13,) were by eminence called classici; hence the application of the word classick, (Aul. Gel. 19. 9.)

to

Authors of the first rank or order of merit ; and now particularly to those of Greece and Rome.

What a mad world would it be, that the ecclesiastical lawes of such a company should be, like those of the Medes and Persians, irrevocable? That there should be no appeal from them? for, as for classes and synods, they may advise in cases of doubt, but ouer-rule they may not.

Bp. Hall. Episcopacy by Divine Right, s. 6. The reformed churches, in France, call it a presbytery; and the meeting of the elders over many congregations, that they call the classis. And what doth make a classical eldership to be a presbytery; but that materially there are elders that have relation to those congregations, and that formally they are united for acts in common. Goodwin. Works, vol. iv. p, 114.

But there her girdle and her shoes she eats For that acquaintance which they had of old With beef and mutton and such classick meats. Beaumont. Psyche, c. 11. s. 65. The poet, as usual, expresses his own feeling, but he does more, he expresses it very classically.

Cowley. The Country Life, N. 3.

Now God Almighty by the inexhaustible fecundity of his creative power may have made innumerable orders and clauses of rational minds; some in their natural perfections Ligher than human souls, others inferior.-Bentley, Ser. 8.

The other five parts were to be distributed equally among the officers and mariners of the ships, put in five different classes: all the classes that the merchants desired, to encourage privateers, were readily granted and it was hoped that a great stock would be raised to carry on the private war-Burnet. Own Time, an. 1708.

He [Richard Reeve] was accounted a perfect philologist, admirably well vers'd in all classical learning.

Wood. Athena Oxon. These are often pretty classical scholars, and would think it an unpardonable sin to read Virgil or Martial with so little taste as they do divine service.-Spectator, No. 147.

Who but inflam'd With classic zeal, these consecrated scenes Of men and deeds to trace, unhappy land, Would trust thy wilds, and cities loose of sway. Thomson. Liberty, pt. i. But no such constancy can be expected in a people polished by arts, and classed by subordination, where one part of the community is sustained and accommodated by the labour of the other.-Johnson. Preface to the English Dictionary.

Those of our company, who had been here with the Dolphin, told us that none of the people, whom we had yet seen were of the first class.-Cook. Voyage, vol. i. b. i. c. 8.

Mr. Greaves (who, as Dr. Arbuthnot observes, may be justly reckoned a classical author upon the subject) has valued it [the denarius] at sevenpence three farthings. Melmoth. Pliny, b. ii. Let. 11. n

Under the tuition of Mr. Reynolds he was for some time instructed in the classicks; but, at an early age, his inclination for that art, of which he afterwards became so iliustrious a professor, began to display itself.

Malone. Life of Sir J. Reynolds.

Till late Corneille, with Lucan's spirit fir'd,
Breath'd the free strain, as Rome and he inspir'd;
And classic judgment gain'd to sweet Racine
The temperate strength of Maro's chaster line.

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Bless me what a clatering of white sticks and yellow sticks would be about his head.

Burke. On Economical Reform.

I have lately contracted a very honest and undissembled claudication in my left foot, which will be a double affliction to me, if (according to your Tatler of this day) it must pass upon the world for a piece of singularity and affectation. Tatler, No. 80. CLAVICLES. "It. Clavicule; Fr. Clavicules; the kannel bones, channel bones, neck bones, craw bones; extending (on each side-one) from the bottom of the throat unto the top of the shoulder," (Cotgrave.)

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 1. CLAUSE, n. It. Clausula; Fr. Clause, from Clausus, the past part. of claudere, to close, shut up or fasten.

That which closes or encloses, that which comprises or contains: (met.) such a member, part or division of a sentence, paragraph, discourse or writing, as encloses or includes, comprises or con

Collins. An Epistle. To Sir T. Hanmer.tains, a full and complete sense or meaning.

Such thereof [viviparous quadrupeds] as can bring their fore-feet and meat therein unto their mouths; as most can do that have clavicles or collar-bones.

To wise is he to doen so great a vice
Ne als I nil him neuer so cherice
That he shal make auaunt by iust cause
He shal me neuer bind in such a clause.
Chaucer. Troilus, b. ii.
Clerkus that were confessours coupled hem togederes
To construe this clause.
Piers Plouhman, p. 71.

Which of what moment they be I have written my opynyon to your gr., & noted, in the margine of the commissions by them graunted, & asked by us, the considerations of every clause & word material.

Strype. Records. No. 24. Dr. Gardiner, &c. to the Cardinal. They a bold power o'er sacred Scriptures take, Blot out some clauses, and some new ones make. Cowley. On the late Civil War. Saturday, November 30, the King had two bills presented to him; one of which, viz. for exclusion of all popish members to sit in either house of parliament (with a clause in favour of the Duke of York) he pass'd.

Baker. Charles II. an. 1678.

In these words are two clauses, in the first whereof the Psalmist admires the multitude of God's works, How manifold are thy works, O Lord! In the second he celebrates his wisdom in the creation of them, In wisdom hast thou made them all.-Ray. On the Creation, pt. i

But it, [the act for triennial parliaments] was now given up without a struggle, or any clauses for a certainty of parliaments, besides a general one, that there should be a parliament called within three years after the dissolution of the present parliament, and so ever, afterwards.

Burnet. Own Time, an. 1663.

To provide for these objects, and therefore to exclude for ever the old Jewry doctrine of "a right to choose our own governours," they follow with a clause, containing a most solemn pledge, taken from the preceding act of Queen Elizabeth, as solemn a pledge as ever was or can be given in favour of an hereditary succession, and as solemn a renunciation as could be made of the principles by this society imputed to them.-Burke. On the French Revolution.

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A myghty tirrane it was, which, hauyng a trayne of an

CLAUDICATION. Lat. Claudicare, from houge compaigny of souldiers to garde him, did ruffle and claudere, to close, to end.

playe the King ouer al sortes of men, out of whose clawes it was not possible by any power of manne to recouer the deliueraunce of the Israelites.-Udal. Luke, c. 1.

To fall short, to be deficient, to halt.

Power hym failleth. To clutche other to clawe. Piers Plouhman, p. 329. Whou thei curreth kynges. and her bak claweth. Id. Crede.

But such an ease therwith they her wrougt,
Right as a man is eased for to fele
For ache of hedde, to clawen him on his hele.
Chaucer. Troilus, b. iv.

And as a catte wolde ete fishes
Without wetynge of his clees:
So wolde he do, but netheles

He faileth ofte of that he wolde.-Gower. Con. A. b. iv.

Yea, I can tell them clawyngly

(but this is in their eare)

That those whiche haue disposde them thus,
are persecuters cleare Drant. Horace, b. i. Sat. 5.
Clerkes must to be taught to claw, and not to clatter.
Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 455.

Rich men they claw, sooth up and flatter: the poor they contemn and despise.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 13.

Here it is not the style to claw and compliment with the King, or idolize him by sacred Sovereign, and most excellent Majesty; but the Spaniard, when he petitions to his King, gives no other character but Sir, and so relating his business, at the end doth ask and demand justice of him. Howell, b. i. s. 3. Let. 10. But her fierce servaunt, full of kingly awe And high disdaine, when, as his soveraigne dame So rudely handled by her foe he sawe, With gaping iawes full greedy at him came; And ramping on his shield, did weene the same Have reft away with his sharp rending clawes. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 3. Sleepie or stupid nature, couldst thou part With such a raritie, and not rowse art With all her aydes, to save her from the seize Of vulture death, and those relentless cleies? B. Jonson. An Elegie on my Muse

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A. S. Clag; Dut. Kley, from the Ger. Kleben, hærere, adhærere, to stick or adhere. To clay

Whanne he hadde seid these thingis, he spitte into the eerthe, and made clay of the spitol, and anointed the clay on his yghen.-Wielif. John, c. 9.

As sone as he had thus spoken, he spat on the grounde and made elaye of the spetle, and rubbed the claye on the eies of the blynde.-Bible, 1551. Ib.

An evill man is clay to God, wax to the Devil, God may stampe him into powder, or temper him anew; but none of his meanes can melt him. Contrariwise, a good man is God's wax, and Satan's clay; he relents at every looke of God, but is not stirred at any tentation.

Bp. Hall. Meditations & Vows. For now began Night with her sullen wings to double-shade The desert, fowls in thir clay nests were coucht. Milton. Paradise Regained, b. i. Some gentle taper. Though a rush-candle, from the wicker hole Of some clay habitation, visit us

With thy long-levelled rule of streaming light.-Id. Comus.

The purest soul that e'er was sent
Into a clayey tenement

Inform'd this dust; but the weak mould
Could the great guest no longer hold.

Carew. Epitaph on Lady M. Villers. Small beer proves an unwholesome drink; perhaps by being brewed with thick, muddish, clayish, water. Harvey. On Consumption. Alas! we poor mortals upon earth, that ordinarily converse with nothing but dirt and clay, cannot here behold the glory that shines above yonder glorious sun.

Bp. Beveridge, vol. ii. Ser. 92. There honour comes, a pilgrim gray, To bless the turf that wraps their clay, And freedom shall a while repair, To dwell a weeping hermit there!

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is a clever, dexterous trick;—a trick cleverly, dexterously, skilfully, performed.

So clene, and fair, and purwyt, among other men beth,
That me knoweth hem in eche lond bi sygte, where me
hem seth.
R. Gloucester, p. 8.

CLAYEY.

CLA'YISH.

Ye blynde gydes whyche strayne out a gnat and swalowe a cammell. Wo be to you Scribes and Pharisees ypocrites, whiche make clene the utter side of the cuppe and of the

To cover or smear over with clay; i. e. with platter: but within they are full of brybery & excesse. earth of a sticky, clammy nature.

Bible, 1551. Ib. Chaucer. The Manciples Tale, v. 17,116.

CLEANSE.

CLEANSER. To free from dirt or filth; CLEANSING, n. from every mark, trace, or stain of dirt, filth, or pollution. Any thing cleanly done, is so done as to show or leave no mark or trace; and thus a clean trick,

Tho hadde Grecian this londe al clanliche on honde.
Id. p. 97.

Vor God, as hii seyde ofte, hii toke to wytnesse,
That bytuene hem neuere nas bote clannesse.-Id. p. 332.
For men, that ben venymend, thorg grases of Yrlond
Ydronke he beth y clansed sone, thorou Gode's sonde.
Id. p. 43.
At the last thei chaced out the Bretons so clene,
Away into Wales ther kynd is I wene.-R. Brunne, p. 7.
And comune wymmen convertede. and clensede hem of
Piers Plouhman, p. 312.

synne.

Hou they ben clothed in cloth. that clennest sheweth.
Id. Crede.
For whiit in trowthe bytokeneth clennes in soule.-Id. Ib.
His cope that by clypped hym, wel clene was it folden
Of double worstede ydyght, doun to the hele.
His kyrtel of clene whiit, clenlyche ysewed. Id. Ib.

If we knowlechen oure synnes, he is faithful and just that he forgyve to us oure synnes, and clense us fro al wickednesse.-Wiclif. 1 Ion, c. 1.

If we knowledge our synnes he is faythfull and iust to forgiue vs our synnes, and to clense vs from all vnryghteousnesse.-Bible, 1551. Ib.

Blynde lederis clensynge a gnatte but swolowynge a camel: woo to you Scribis and Farisees ypocritis, that clensen the cuppe and the plater without forth, but withynne ye ben fulle of raveyn and unclennesse.-Wiclif. Matt. c. 23.

And kepe it al so clenely as thou may.

The clenenesse and the fasting of us freres,
Maketh that Crist accepteth our praieres.

Id. The Sompnoures Tale, v. 7466. For the pure cleane witte of a sweete yonge babe is like the newest wax, most able to receive the best and fairest printing; and, like a new bright silver dishe never occupied, to receive and kepe cleane any good thyng that is put into it. R. Ascham. The Schole Master, b. i.

But they that sticke vnto the Sonne of man are free, and cleane discharged in conscience, from any longer obseruing of suche Jewishe ceremonies.-Udal. Mark, c. 2.

And Christ rebuketh' not the Phariseys for grosse synnes whiche the world sawe, but for those holy deedes whiche so blered the eies of the world, that they were taken as Gods: euen for long prayers, &c. for their clennesse in washyng before meate, &c.-Tyndall. Workes, p. 17.

This man therefore iudged of the pristes, and beyng fowle with the very lepry, durst yet cum to Jesus, which is the purifier and clenser of all.-Udal. Math. c. 8.

Of euery farme I then let flye a lease,

To feede the purse that payde for peeuishnesse, Till rente and all were falne in suche disease As scarse coulde serue to maintayne clenlynesse. Gascoigne. Flowers.

The hens (to women) sanctity express,
Hallowing their eggs: the swallow cleanliness,
Sweeting her nest, and purging it of dung,
And every hour is picking of her young.-Drayton. Owl.
He, to recouer backe his ring,
Did vse the clenly sleight.

Warner, Albion's England, b. xii. c. 66. Oft times even one word bewrayeth a whole pack of falshood, and though superstition be a cleanly counterfeit, Collins. Ode, written in the Year 1746. yet some one slip of the tongue discovers it, as we say of devils, which though they put on faire formes, yet they are Ger. Klein; Dut. Kleyn-knowne by their cloven feet.-Bp.Hall. Cont. Rem.of the Ark. sen, klensen. A. S. Clanan, purificare. "Clane, purus, mundus, castus, pure, clean, chaste, it. immunis, guiltless. Clansian, purgare, mundare, purificare, lustrare; to purge, to cleanse, to purifie or make clean," (Somner.) To clean or cleanse, is

Whereunto S. Peter (as it may be thought) alluding, hath said, that the baptisme which saueth vs, is not (as legall purification were) a cleansing of the flesh from outward impuritie, but exepornua, an interrogatiue triall of a good conscience towards God.-Hooker. Eccles. Politie, b.v. s. 63.

All the neep-tides we lay wholly aground, for the sea did not come near us by about a hundred yards. We had therefore time enough to clean our ships bottom, which we did very well.-Dampier. Voyage, an. 1688.

Every sin, every moral irregularity, does as really imprint an indelible stain upon the soul, as a blot falling upon the cleanest paper.-South, vol. viii. Ser. 6.

And it is not to be questioned, but that many thousands now in hell might have gone thither in a calmer and a more cleanly way at last, had they not been hurried and pushed

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CLEAR, v. It. Chiaro; Sp. Claro; Fr. CLEAR, N. Clair; Lat. Clarus, quasi calaCLEAR, adj. rus, a calando, id est, vocando. CLEAR, ad. Vossius and Scaliger agree that CLEARANCE. the word is borrowed ab athletis, CLEARER, n. who, when victorious, were CLEARING, n. called or proclaimed (caluCLEARLY. bantur) by the criers or heralds, CLEARNESS. et ita clarabantur (renowned.) Hence the expression of Horace, clarabit pugilem. See To CLARY.

So proclaim, (sc.) as victor, is thus the primary meaning. And thus to clear, is

To make, or cause to be, known; to confer renown, render famous, illustrious or conspicuous; to withdraw or free from obscurity, secrecy, loneliness, darkness; to make or cause to be, plain, evident, perspicuous;-to free from disgrace or infamy, from imputation of crime; and thus to vindicate or justify; to show or prove to be fair, sincere, or honest;-to remove or free from any thing that overshades or overclouds, that hinders or stands in the way, obstructs or impedes, embarrasses or encumbers, or endangers; to free from loss, injury, or danger.

Vor ther come frame hyre a leme suythe cler & brygte, As a tayl, other a lance, as me may y se.

R. Gloucester, p. 416. And Christ clerly forbad his Christene, &c. Piers Plouhman. Crede. And he answerede and seide to hem whanne the eventide is come ye seyn it schal be cleer, for hevene is rody. Wiclif. Matthew, c. 16. And he behelde & seyde y se men as trees walkinge. Afterwarde eftsoones he sette hise hondis on hise yghen and he bigan to se, and he was restorid so that he saygh clerely alle thingis.-1d. Mark, c. 8.

And he looked vp and said: I se the men: for I se the walcke, as they were trees. After that he put his handes agayne vpō his eyes, and made him se. And he was restored to his sight, and saw euery mã clerely-Bible, 1551. Ib.

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And thei felden doun in the sight of the trone on her faces, and worschipiden God and seiden, amen, blessyng and cherrenesse and wisdom and doing of thankyngis and onour and vertue and strengthe to oure God into worldis of worldis, en-Wiclif. Apocalips, c. 7.

Seke ye Scripturis, in whiche ye gessen to haue euerlastinge lyf, and tho it ben that beren witnessyng of me and ye wolen not come to me, that ye haue lyf. I take not clereBess of men.-Id. John, c. 5.

The brenning of the fire of this world shal God yeve in helle to hem that ben dampned, but the light and clerenesse shal he yeve in heven to his children.

Chaucer. The Persones Tale. Right now the highe windes blowe: And anon after thel ben lowe. Now cloudie, and now clere it is.-Gower. Con. A. Prol. The Foresight of the Queene's commaunded by M. Thomas Vaniser performed a very great fight, and stayed two houres neere the Reuenge as the weather would permit him, not forsaking the fight, till he was like to be encompassed by the squadrons, and with great difficultie cleared himself. Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 173.

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All soundly on their cables slept.

Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. i. I thither went With unexperienc't thought, and laid me downe On the green bank, to look into the clear Smooth lake, that to me seem'd another skie. Milton. Paradise Lost, b. iv. Fame Is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise (That last infirmity of noble mind)

To scorn delights, and live laborious days.-Id. Lycidas.

O prophet of glad tidings, finisher

Of utmost hope! now clear I understand

What oft my steddiest thoughts have searcht in vain;
Why our great expectation shoul'd be call'd
The seed of woman.

Id. Paradise Lost, b. xii.

And the cause why the people did bear him such ill will, for the controversie they had with the nobility about clearing of debts, grew: for that they knew well enough it was not for any gain or benefit he had gotten thereby, so much as it was for spite and displeasure he thought to do them. North. Plutarch, p. 203. Huge are the oddes betwixt the best and bad; Which darkely here, hence shall be cleerely view'd. When of God's wrath the winde sifts soules at last, They shall abide, you vanish at a blast.

Stirling. Dooms-Day. The First Houre.

And although the air which compasseth adversity, be very obscure: yet therein we better discern God, than in that shining light which environeth worldly glory; through which, for the clearness thereof, there is no vanity which escapeth our sight.-Ralegh. Hist. of the World, Pref. p. xx.

O potent sympathy! which canst beguile
An heart so pure and clear-ey'd, and degrade
Earth's monarch from his native pinnacle
Of innocence, as low as sin and hell.

Beaumont. Psyche, c. 6. s. 306.

But although innocency needs no defence as to itself, yet it is necessary for all the advantages it hath of doing good to mankind, that it appear to be what it really is; which cannot be done, unless its reputation be cleared from the Lalicious aspersions, which are cast upon it.

Stillingfleet, vol. i. Ser. 3. Multitudes of words are neither an argument of clear ideas in the writer, nor a proper means of conveying clear notions to the reader.Dr. Clarke. Fifth Reply.

Gold is a wonderful clearer of the understanding: it Fissipates every doubt and scruple in an instant; accomdates itself to the meanest capacities; silences the loud, zai clamorous, and brings over the most obstinate and inflexible,-Spectator, No. 239.

This proposition is so evident, that I need speak very few words towards the clearing of it.-Sharp, vol. iv. Ser. 5.

She [Mary] saw clearly in the Scriptures that she must work her own salvation with fear and trembling, and that she must not believe it by the faith of another, but according as things appeared to herself.-Burnet. Own Time, an. 1687.

But wise men, instead of looking above them, choose rather to look about them and within them, and by so doing keep their eyes always in their heads; and maintain a noble clearness in one and steadiness in the other. South, vol. ii. Ser. 2.

The houses are all built in the wood between the sea and the mountains, and no more ground is cleared for each house, than just suflicient to prevent the dropping of the branches from rotting the thatch, with which they are covered.-Cook. Voyage, vol. i. b. i. c. 17.

When the smooth current of a limpid brook The shepherd seeks, and plunging in its waves The frighted innocents, their whitening robes In the clear stream grow pure.-Dodsley. Agriculture, c. 3. Every ship was subject to seizure for want of stamped clearances.-Burke. On a late State of the Nation.

We had scarcely trimmed our sails before it [the wind] came to east by north, which was right upon the reef, and consequently made our clearing it doubtful. Cook. Voyage, vol. ii. b. iii. c. 5. Others are furnished by criticism with a telescope. They see with great clearness whatever is too remote to be discovered by the rest of mankind, but are totally blind to all that lies immediately before them.-Rambler, No. 176.

CLEAVE, v. Dut. Kleven; Ger. Kleiben, kleben; A. S. Clyfian, cleofian, to stick to, to adhere.

To stick, or keep close or fast to; to adhere.

We wipen of agens you the poudir that cleuyde to us of youre cytee, natheles wite ye this thing: that the rewme of God schal come nygh.-Wiclif. Luke, c. 10.

Even the very dust, which cleaueth on vs of your citie, we wipe of against you: notwithstanding, mark this that ye kyngdome of God was come nye vpon you.

Bible, 1551. Ib.

For in the expres wil and word of God it hath no such root and ground, as to you it appeareth, following, and cleaving more to the consent of the church, than to the words of Scripture, or to any reason drawn out of the same. Strype. Records. Starky to Pole, No. 80. And think this slow-pac'd soul, which late did cleave T'a body, and went but by the body's leave, Twenty perchance or thirty miles a day, Dispatches in a minute all the way 'Twixt heav'n and earth.-Donne. Funeral Elegies. See how the willing earth gave way, To take th' impression where she lay; See! how the mould, as loth to leave So sweet a burden, still doth cleave Close to the nymph's stain'd garment!-Waller. The Fall.

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Hippocon lusty lad, and swift therewith the skies he cliues. Phaer. Virgill. Æneidos, b. v. Which when in vaine he tride with struggeling, Inflam'd with wrath, his raging blade he heft, And strooke so strongly, that the knotty sting Of his huge taile he quite in sunder cleft. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 11. And another let fly at the Lord Stanley, which shrunke at the stroke, and fell under the table, or els his head had been cleft to the teeth: for as shortly as he shrank, yet came ye blood about his eares.-Stow. Edward V. an. 1483.

So men (they say) by Hell's delusions led, Have ta'en a succubus to their bed;

Believe it fair, and themselves happy call,
Till the cleft foot discovers all.-Cowley. Not Fair.

Cleft-grafting, which is also called stock or slit-grafting, is proper for trees or stocks of a lesser size, from an inch to two inches or more diameter.-Miller. Gardener's Dict Then cease, ye sons of harmony, to mourn; Since Damon never can return.

See, see! he mounts, and cleaves the liquid way!
Bright choirs of angels, on the wing,
For the new guest's arrival stay,
And hymns of triumph sing.

Hughes. On the Death of a Friend. Not all that force that makes thee proud, Because by bullock ne'er withstood; Though arm'd with all thy cleavers, knives, And axes made to hew down lives, Shall save or help thee to evade

The hand of justice, or this blade.-Hudibras, pt. i. c. 2.

A rock there lies, in depth of seas profound.
About its clefts, rich beds of pearl abound,
Where sportful nature, covering her retreat
With flowing waters, holds her secret seat
In woods of coral. Hughes. The Court of Neptune.
Thus the rich vessel moves in trim array,
Like some fair virgin on her bridal day;
Thus like a swan, she cleav'd the wat'ry plain,
The pride and wonder of th' gean main.
Falconer. Shipwreck, c. 1.

Here Juliet listens to the gentle lark,
There in harsh chorus hungry bull-dogs bark;
Cleavers and scimitars give blow for blow,
And heroes bleed above, and sheep below!

Warton. Prol. on the Old Winchester Playhouse.
Then forests, or the savage rock may please,
That hides the seamew in his hollow clefts
Above the reach of man.
Cowper. The Task. b. i.
CLEMENCY. Fr. Clément; It. Clemente;
CLEMENT, adj.
Of unsettled
Sp. Clemente.
CLEMNETLY. etymology. Lat. Clemens est
qui colit mentem, (Donatus.) Clemens a claritate
mentis, (Perottus.) Martinius thinks from KɅnua,
Kλua, inclinamentum, ut clemens sit, qui facile
KAWETAι, one who is easily bent, moved, inclined,
(sc.) to pity, to mercy. It is equivalent to the

French

"Clément, gentle, mild, gracious, benign, humane; meek, merciful, casily pardoning, soon forgiving," (Cotgrave.)

But euen that mightye loue, of his great clemencie, Hath giuen me grace at last to iudge, the truth from heresie ;

I saye then and professe, with free and faithful heart, That womēs vowes are nothing els but snares of secret smart. Gascoigne. The Recantation of a Louer.

To the intente none of their louing subjects should by simplicitie be seduced and deceved, through the develysche devices of the foresayed, or any other like traytors, their majesties, of their greate clemencie and tender zeale towardes theyr sayde subjects, have thoughte good to warne and admonish them of the premyces.

Strype. Records. No. 70. Proclamation, April, 1557.

I know you are more clement then vilde men,
Who of their broken debtors take a third,
A sixt, a tenth, letting them thrine againe
On their abatement; that's not my desire.
Shakespeare. Cymbeline, Act v. s. 4.

O Mary Magdalen, hear our prayers, which are full of

praises, and most clemently reconcile this company unto

Christ that the fountain of supreme piety, who cleansed thee from thy sins, giving pardon, may cleanse us who are his servants and thine.

Bp. Taylor. A Dissuasive from Popery, pt. i. s. 9. Julius with honour tam'd Rome's foreign foes; But patriots fell, ere the dictator rose. And while with clemency Augustus reign'd, The monarch was ador'd; the city chain'd." Prior. Carmen Seculare. No patron! intercessor none! now past The sweet, the clement, mediatorial hour! Young. The Complaint, Night 9. The variegated verdure of the fields and woods, the succession of grateful odours, the voice of pleasure pouring out its notes on every side with the gladness apparently conceived by every animal, from the growth of his food, and the clemency of the weather, throw over the whole earth an air of gaiety, significantly expressed by the smile of nature. Rambler, No. 5. CLEPE, } A. S. Cleopian, clypian, vocare, CLE/PING, n. invocare, clamare; To call, to call upon; to cry, to cry out.

Upon the pleyn of Salisbury that other wonder ys
That Stonhyngel ys yclepud, no more wonder nys.
R. Gloucester, p. 7.

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Wandring in woe, and to the heauens on hie Cleaping for vengeance of this treacherie.

CLERGY.
CLE'RGYABLE.
CLERGIAL.

CLE'RGICAL.

Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 447. Lat. Clericus; Fr. Clergie; It. Clero; Sp. Clericia; from the Gr. Kanpos, a fragment, from Kaaew, frangere. A fragCLE/RGIFY. ment of any thing; (sc.) cast into the urn or vessel; and hence, a lot. And the Clergy are so called, from the manner in which Matthias" became numbered with the eleven apostles.” Και εδωκαν κληρους αυτών και επεσεν ὁ κληρος επι Ματθίαν. "And thei ghauen lottis to hem, and the lotte felde on Mathi," (Acts i. 26.)— Μηδ ̓ ὡς κατακυριευοντες των κληρων. Neque ut dominantes in cleris." Neithir as having Lordschip in the clergie," (Wiclif, 1 Pet. v. 3.)

For the application of the word, see particularly the examples from Hooker, Mede, and Gibbon.

Clergyable is quite technical in its application. (See Blackstone, b. iv. c. 28.)

& if he had had men, as he wend, of renoun,
Thei suld haf venged hem of suilk a clergioun.
R. Brunne, p. 131.
Conscience to cleregie. and to the kyng saide.
Piers Plouhman, p. 8.
Ac ich can nouht constrye canon. ne clergyalliche reden.
Id. p. 111.

Among thise children was a widewe's sone A little clergion, sevene yere of age.

But, dame, here as we riden by the way,
Us needeth not to speken but of game,
And let auctoritees in Goddes name.
To preching and to scole eke of clergie.

Id. The Freres Prologue, v. 6859.

Whan we be ther as we shuln exercise
Our elvish craft, we semen wonder wise,
Our termes ben so clergial and queint.

Id. The Chanones Yemannes Tale, v. 16,620.
This is the cause (beleue me now my Lorde)
That realms do rewe, from high prosperity.
That clergie quayles, and hath smal reuerence.
Gascoigne. The Steele Glas.

And Saint Paul himselfe diuiding the body of the church of Christ into two moieties, nameth the one part dewras, which is as much as to say, the order of the laitie, the opposite part whereunto we in like sort term the order of God's clergie, and the spiritual power which he hath giuen them, the power of their order, so farre as the same consisteth in the bare execution of holy things, called properly the affaires of God. Hooker. Ecclesiasticall Politie, b. v. s. 77.

Constantine might have done more justly to have punish'd those clergical faults which he could not conceal, than to leave them unpunish'd, that they might remain conceal'd. Milton. Animad. upon the Remonst. Defence.

And how our leisure fitted loue,

And let it fit (quoth she)

To such as lust for loue: sir clarke, You clergific not me.

All ecclesiasticall persons or clergy-men may be considered in a three-fold relation: first, to God; secondly, to the people; thirdly, one to another.

Id. Ib. And long after the apostles' times, all the people present did answer the priest, (he speaking in a language that they did understande) like as the clark or boy doth now answer (as he is taught) in a language that he vnderstands not. Burnet. Records, pt. ii. No. 25. Questions, &c. of the Mass. But the most part of true gentlemen (I meane not these farming gentlemen, nor clarking knights) have little or nothing increased their rents. Id. K. Edward's Remains, No. 2." They set forwarde a certayne doctoure of lawe, whiche Chaucer. The Prioresses Tale, v. 13,433. should goe vnto Jesus with a clerkly question, that eyther he myght reproue hym of ignoraunce, or els he hymselfe beare awaye the prayse of learnyng.-Udal. Matt. c. 22.

Warner. Albion's England, b. vi. c. 31.

In respect to God, all are ministers, of what degree soever they be; because they do what they do by commission from him, either more or less immediate; in respect of the people all are bishops, that is, inspectors or overseers, as having charge to look unto them. But lastly, compared one to another, he whom we usually call bishop is only overseer of the rest. Mede. Works, b. i. Disc. 5.

But give me leave to say, that, while so many orphans and widows of clergymen are destitute even of food and raiment, the eyes of the sons of the clergy should chiefly be turned on these objects, and the greatest share of their charity should flow in this channel. Atterbury, vol. ii. Ser. 8. The progress of the ecclesiastical authority gave birth to the memorable distinction of the laity and of the clergy, which had been unknown to the Greeks and Romans. The former of these appellations comprehended the body of the Christian people; the latter, according to the signification of the word, was appropriated to the chosen portion, that had been set apart for the service of religion.

Gibbon. Roman Empire, c. 15. From the Lat. Clericus. Brunne and Chaucer write Clergion. See CLERGY.

CLERICAL. CLE'RICK, adj. CLERK, n. CLE/RKLY, adj. Cotgrave explains "Clergie, CLE/RKLY, ad. -learning, skill, science, clerkCLERKSHIP. ship" because the clergy were distinguished for their learning. Blackstone observes, "that the judges were usually created out of the sacred order; and all the inferior offices were supplied by the lower clergy, which has occasioned their successors to be denominated clerks to this day," (Com. i. 17.)

Clerk is applied, generally, to

One who is employed in learning, in learned occupations or in doing that, performing those offices, which require some learning or scholarship. A clerk thoru enchantement hym bi gan to telle, That the schulde first fader and moder quelle. R. Gloucester, p. 10. This clerk was cleped hendy Nicholas; Of derne love he coude and of solas; And therto he was slie and ful prive, And like a maiden meke for to se.

Chaucer. The Milleres Tale, v. 3199.

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Some clarks doe doubt in their deuiceful art,
Whether this heauenly thing, whereof I treat,
To weeten mercy, be of justice part,

Or drawne forth from her by diuine extreat.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. v. c. 10. s. 1.
I think good thoughts, while others write good words,
And, like unletter'd clerk, still cry Amen,
To every hymn that able spirit affords,

In polish'd form of well-refined pen.-Shakesp. s. 86. When thus unto his will he fitly them had won, At her expected hour the queen brought forth a son, And to this great design, all happ'ning as he would, He (his intended course that clerkly manage could) Thus quaintly trains us on.-Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 19.

On the day of prorogation the bill ought to have been offered to the king; but the clerk of the crown, by the king's particular order withdrew the bill: which was a high offence in the clerk of the crown. Strype. Memoirs. Charles II. an. 1681.

Which Thomas [Talbot] being promoted to the clerkship of the records in the Tower of London, did at length, by the help of a good memory, become a most excellent genealogist, and a man of singular skill in our antiquities.

Wood. Athenæ Ozon.

It has been the custom of poor persons in Ireland, to pick up such knowledge of the Latin tongue as, under the general discouragements, and occasional pursuits of magistracy, they were able to acquire, and receiving orders at home, were sent abroad to obtain a clerical education.

Burke. On the Penal Laws against Irish Catholics.

It may be added with great truth, that what [means of making a provision for a family] the profession furnishes, the cleric who is the most intent upon its proper duties, the most addicted to a life of study and devotion, is the least qualified to improve.-Horsley, vol. iii. Ser. 35.

Clerk-ale occurs in Aubrey's manuscript History of Wiltshire: "In the Easter holidays was the clerkes-ale, for his private benefit and the solace of the neighbourhood." MSS. Mes. Ashm. Oxon.

Warton. History of English Poetry, vol. iii.

To play histories, or to exhibit a succession of events by action and dialogue, was a common entertainment among our rude ancestors upon great festivities. The parish clerks once performed at Clerkenwell a play, which lasted three days, containing The History of the World.

Johnson. Obs. on Hen. VIII.

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As clever Tom Clinch, while the rabble was bawling,
Rode stately through Holbourn to die in his calling,
He stop't at the George for a bottle of sack,
And promis'd to pay for it when he came back.

Swift. Clever Tom Clinch. He [the Duke of Monmouth] gave the hangman but half the reward he intended; and said, if he cut off his head cleverly, and not so butcherly as he did Lord Russel's, his man should give him the rest.-Burnet. Own Time, an. 1685.

So I bought it, and paid for't, and boldly I say,
'Twas the best purchase made at Cadogan's that day:
The works the man wrote are the finest in nature,
And a most clever piece is his genuine portraiture.

Byrom. On buying the Picture of Father Malebranche.
But no matter, I'll warrant we'll make up the party,
With two full as clever, and ten times as hearty.
Goldsmith. The Haunch of Venison.
Yet strange to tell! this wond'rous student lay
Snoring in bed for all the live-long day;
Night was his time for labour-in a word,
Never was man so cleverly absurd.

Smart. The Horatian Canons of Friendship. CLEW, v Dut. Klouwen, in globi formam CLEW, n. fila convolvere, to roll up (sc. thread into a globular form, (Kilian.) A. S. Clcowe, cliwe, " Sphæra, any thing that is round, a sphear. It. Glomus, a clew or bottom of thread, a ball. pellet, or other like round thing," (Somner.) It is also written clue.

As the clue unwoven will serve for a guide Beaumont and Fletcher have formed the verb, to clue; to guide, to direct.

But ye comon fame tellyth yt lastly the quene wane to her [Rosamond] by a clewe of threde, or sylke, and delte with her in suche maner, that she lyued not long after. Fabyan, vol. i. c. 238

What a fowle thing is it, to see a woman instead of hi wool-basket, to handle the table bourd, & for her spindle the dice, for hir clewe or prayer booke, to turne the cards. Vives. Instruction of a Christian Woman, b. i. c. 8 If I were bashful, old, or dull, and sleepy In love's allarmes, a woman might awake me, Direct, and clew me out the way to happiness.

Beaum. & Fletch. Woman Pleased, Act ii. sc. 4 Now therefore to wind up this clew of our discourse, 1 we be humble and meek-minded, if obedient to our spiritus guides, if charitable to our bretheren, if not too peremptor in our opinions, we have attained to a meet temper for th entertainment of Peace.-Bp. Hall. The Peace Maker, s. 13

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CLI

It suffices to have shown, that superficial and slight discoveries and observations that contain nothing of moment in themselves, nor serve as clues to lead us into farther knowledge, should not be thought worth our searching after. Locke. Conduct of the Understanding, § 41. This occasioned us to clew up our sails, and presently after six water-spouts were seen.-Cook. Voyage, b. i. c. 6.

CLI

the same plebeian houses had recourse to the same patri-
cian line, which had formerly protected them, and followed
their principles and fortunes to the last; so that I am your
lordship's by descent, and part of your inheritance.
Dryden. Virgil. Pastorals, Ded.
O that the voice of clamour and debate,
That pleads for peace till it disturbs the state,
Were hush'd in favour of thy gen'rous plea,
The poor thy clients, and heav'ns smile thy fee!
Cowper. Charity.
In the time of the commonwealth, those who lived in a

CLICK, v. Click, Mr. Grose says, in Cum-dependent and cliental relation on the great men, used fre-
quently to shew marks of acknowledgment by considerable
CLICKET. berland and Northumberland, is, to bequests at their deaths.
Burke. Abridgement of English History, an. 51.
catch or snatch away. Lye, thinks from the A. S.
Ge-læccan, prehendere, (whence to latch.) But
CLIFF, or
CLIFT.
Click and Chicket appear to have been merely
CLIFFY.
applied to-
CLIFTED.

Any fastening, which was accompanied by a
See To CLACK.
clicking, snapping noise.

The most skilful master can do little more than put the end of the clue into the hands of his scholar, by which he must conduct himself.-Sir J. Reynolds, Disc. 12.

Hue hath a keye and a clykett. thauh the kynge slepe
And may lede yn wham hue loveth. as hure luf lyketh.
Piers Plouhman, p. 124.

So worth thow dryven out as deuh. (deul?) and the dore
closed.
Id. p. 123.

Ykeyed and ycklykeded.

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CLIENT, n. Fr. Client; It. and CLIENTAL. Sp. Cliente; Lat. Cliens; CLIENTELARY, adj. from Gr. KAELEV, celeCLIENTED, adj. brare, honorare, because CLIENTELE, n. a client is one who honours CLIENTSHIP. another as his patron. "Fr. Client,Martinius. (Qui eum colebat.) A client or suitor; a nobleman's retainer or follower, the scope of whose attendance or duty is to be protected." It is now used as—

A correlative to counsellor, lawyer, or advocate; viz. as the suitor, who employs the counsellor, lawyer, or advocate.

How that ciyentes a corde. Mede a counteth lytel.
Piers Plouhman, p. 58.
For whom that loue hath vnder cure,
As he is blynde hym selfe, right so
He maketh his client blynde also.-Gower. Con. A. b. iii.

Cliff (also written cleves or cleeves, or clives,) is the past part. of the verb, to cleave, (qv.) See the quotation from Verstegan.

Furthermore, he made a difference between the chiefer citizens, and the baser people, by calling the better sort Patroni, as much to say, as defenders: and the meanest sort Clientes, as you would say, followers, or men protected. The patrons did help the clients to their right.

North. Plutarch, p. 21.

The prince being at Bruxels, humbly besought hys maJestie to pitie the miserie of hys poore subjects: who by his sute gat of the emperour, for his cliantes, wordes without hope.-R. Ascham. Works, p. 21.

This due occasion of discouragement, the worst conditioned and least cliented petiuoguers, do yet, vnder the sweet baite of revenge, convert to a more plentiful prosecution of actions.-Carew. Suruey of Cornwall, fol. 4.

Yet so as the clientelary right be alwayes retained.

Turberville. A Myrrour of the Fall of Pride.
In our ancient language the cut off or broken mountaines
on the sea sides, are more rightly, and properly called cliffs,
than by the name of rocks or hills; that appellation being
more fitting unto the inland mountaines-but the name of
clifft comming from our verbe to cleare, is unto those more
aptly given, for that they seeme unto our view as clefft or
cloven, from the part that sometime belonged unto them.

Verstegan. Restitution of Decayed Intelligence, c. 4.
Some, his ill-season'd mouth that wisely understood,
Rob Dover's neighbouring cleeves of sampyre, to excite
His dull and sickly taste, and stir up appetite.
Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 18.

But to speak ingenuously, those of the Roman clientele are not more careful and punctual in scaning, and observing the rules and practice of their espousals, than ours here are incurious of both.-Bp. Hall. Cases of Cons. Dec. 4. Case 6.

Cleaved, cleav'd, cleft, or clift.

This ladie rometh by the cliffe to plaie
With her meine.-Chaucer. Of Hypsiphile & Medea.

Prynne. Power of Parliaments, Appendix, p. 167.

Dut. Klif; Ger. Klippe, kluft; dangerous graduall yeeres called climacterike.
Sw. Klift.

Whome forceth he by surge of seas

into Charybdes cliues?

Or whome doth Neptune most disease?
or whom to Scylla driues?

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But what auailes, to striue against the tide,
Or else to driue against the streame and winde?
What booteth it against the cliues to ride,
Or else to worke against the course of kind?
Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 15.

Death might have taken such, her end deferr'd,
Until the time she had been climacter'd,
When she would have been at threescore years and three,
Such as our best at three-and-twenty be.

Drayton. On the Death of Lady Clifton.
Our lion's climacteric now is past,
And crown'd with bays he rampeth free at last.
Drummond. The Speech of Caledonia.

Thus much they say, that the fewer sort of men live any long time; for that the greatest number by farre, have their nativitie incident and liable to the daungerous houres and times either of the moone's occurrence (as in her quadrature, opposition, and sextile aspect) or of daies according to the number of seven or nine (which are daily and nightly marked and observed:) whereupon ensueth the rule of the

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Holland. Plinie, b. vii. c. 49.

I can tell him,

Truer than all the physicians in the world,
He cannot live out to-morrow; this
Is the most certain climacterical year-
'Tis past all danger, for there's no escaping it.
What age is your mother, sir?

Sim. Faith, near her days too;
Wants some two of threescore.

And therefore the consent of elder times, setling their conceits upon climacters not onely differing from this of ours but one another; though several nations and ages do fancy unto themselves different years of danger, yet every one expects the same event, and constant verity in each. Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.

Regard would be had in this case, as well that the clift of
the stocke gape not too much (as being over wide for the
graffe;) as that it bee not too little and over-streight, for
feare that either it flurt it out againe, or claspe it and gird it
so hard that it kill it quite.-Holland. Plinie, b. xvii. c. 14.
The rest was craggie cliff, that overhung
Still as it rose, impossible to climbe.
Millon. Paradise Lost, b. iv.
And opposite to famous Kent do lie
The pleasant fields of flow'ry Picardy,
Where our fair Calais, walled in her sands,
In kenning of the cliffy Dover stands.

I never go home abruptly because a snake crosses my way, nor have any particular dread of a climacterical year: yet I confess that, with all my scorn of old women, and their

Drayton. The French Queen to the Duke of Suffolk. tales, I consider it as an unhappy day, when I happen to be greeted in the morning, by Suspirius the screech owl. Rambler, No. 339. There lies a certain island in the sea, 'Twixt rockie Samos and rough Ithaca, That cliffie is itselfe, and nothing great. CLIMATE, v. Fr. Climat; It. Clima; Sp. Chapman. Homer. Odyssey, b. iv. Gr. Κλιμα ; Lat. CLIMATE, n. CLIMATURE. Clima, inclinatio, seu decliCLIME, n. natio cæli, from KAwew, to incline, or bend. Properly applied to

\ Clima;

Regions which differ in temperature from others. "Whilst you The verb is used in Shakespeare: do climate here," i. e. while you stay, remain or

Massinger. The Old Law, Act i. sc. 1.

I have not known, and I am now past my grand climacterick, being sixty-four years of age, according to my way of life, or rather (if you will allow punning in an old gentleman) according to my way of pastime; I say, as old as I am, I have not been acquainted with many of the Greenhats. Taller, No. 59.

He [Sir Thomas Smith] departed this mortal life in the climacterical year of his age, in the month of July 1577, and was buried in the church of Theydon Mount, or Theydon at Mount in Essex.-Wood. Athena Oxon.

Grainger. Solitude. An Ode.

CLIMACTER, n.
It. Climaterico; Sp.
CLIMACTER, v.
Climaterico; Gr. Kλμak-
CLIMACTERICK, adj. Tnp, from Kapak, scale,
Cotgrave
CLIMACTERICK, n. gradation.
CLIMACTERICAL. says, "Climactere; every
seventh, or ninth, or the sixty-third years of a
man's life, all very dangerous, but the last, most."
See the quotation from Plinie.

329

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dwell in this climate.
Congreve. Mourning Bride, Act i.
Where he, who thinks, with rapture blind,
This hallow'd work for him design'd?
High on some cliff, to heaven up-pil'd,
Of rude access, of prospect wild,
Where, tangled round the jealous steep,
Strange shades o'erbrow the valleys deep.

Collins. Ode on the Poetical Character.
It shews a steep rocky clift next the sea, and off the very
point there are some rocks like spires.

Cook. Voyage, vol. vi. c. 10.

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