In so moche that it seemeth, that no operation or affairs may be perfecte, nor no science or arte complete, except experience be there vnto added, wherby knowledge is ratyfied, and (as I mought saye) consolidate.

Sir T. Elyot. Governour, b. iii. c. 25. Consyderynge the vtilitie in rydynge great horses, it shall be necessary (as I haue sayde) that a gentylman do lerne to ryde a great and fierce horse whyles he is tender, and the braunes and sinewes of his thighes not fully consolidate. Id. Ib. b. i. c. 17. Sometimes, they find the mines not yet consolidated and digested throughly into metal; when, by their experience knowing after how many years they will be ripe, they shut them up again till then.-Digby. Of Bodies, c. 14.

Take a wanton garish loose spirit, let him be but in the presence of a superior whom he feares and reverenceth, and it consolidates him.-Goodwin. Vanity of Thoughts, p. 46.

CONSONANT, adj. Co'NSONANT, n.

CONSONANCE.

Co'NSONANCY.
CONSONANTLY.

We are divided between good and evil; and all our good or bad is but a disposition towards either, but then the sin is arrived to its state and manhood, when the joynts are grown stiff and firm by the consolidation of a habit.

Bp. Taylor. On Repentance, c. 5. s. 3. And yet when that was done, would he be far enough from making the extension of body (which is the cohesion of its solid parts) intelligible, till he could shew wherein consisted the union or consolidation of the part of those bonds or of that cement, or of the least particle of matter that exists.-Locke. On Hum. Underst. b. ii. c. 23.

The last thing considered by the board of controul among the debts of the Carnatick, was that arising to the EastIndia Company, which after the provision for the cavalry, and the consolidation of 1777, was to divide the residue of the fund of 480,000l. a year with the lenders of 1767. Burke. Speech on the Nabob of Arcot's Debts. Fr. Consonance; It. Consonanza; Sp. Consonancia; Lat. Consonare, (con, and sonare, perhaps from tonare,

and this from Tovo-ew, intendere, et speciatim vocem vel sonum intendere,) Vossius. See the quotation from Wilkins.

Sounding together, sounding in unison, uniting in sound, symphonious, harmonious, concordant; and thus, agreeing, consisting with.

For in ye Scriptures is no cofuse ordre, but a cofourme & consonant ordre, one chaptre alwais approuyng & declarynge an other.-Bale. Apologie, fol. 55.

Yet I think that confession is not necessarily deduced of

Scripture, nor commanded as a necessary prescript of Scripture, and yet it is much consonant to the law of God, as a thing willed, not commanded. - Burnet. Records, b. iii. No. 21. Concerning the Sacraments, Quest. 15.

For wheras all ye olde holy doctours & saintes of euery age, write so full & so whole, & so consonantly togither against al kindes of scismes & heresies, &c.

Sir T. More. Workes, p. 829. The British language, which our vowels wants, And jars so much upon harsh consonants, Comes with such grace from thy mellifluous tongue, As do the sweet notes of a well-set song.

Drayton. Queen Catherine to Owen Tudor.

As in every thing else, beauty and favour is composed and framed (as it were) of many members meeting and concurring in one, and all together at the same time, and that by a certaine simmetry, consonance, and harmony. Holland. Plutarch, p. 50.

Which could we suppose in a single instance; yet a multitude of musical consonancies would be as impossible, as to play a thousand tunes upon a lute at once.

Glanvill. The Vanity of Dogmatizing, c. 4.

If I may have leave to do consonantly to what I am taught to believe, I must confess myself to be under the dominion of sin, and therefore must obey.

Bp. Taylor. On Repentance, Pref. Give me leave to present you [Lord Carbery] with her [Lady Carbery's] picture, drawn in little and in water-colours, sullied indeed with tears, and the abrupt accents of a real and consonant sorrow.-Id. Funeral Sermon, (Lady Carbery.)

They all plead Scripture for what they say; and each one pretends, that his opinion, be it ever so absurd and ridiculous, is consonant to the words there used. Bp. Beveridge, vol. i. Ser. 6.

Those letters are styled consonants, in the pronouncing of which the breath is intercepted by some collision or closure, amongst the instruments of speech.

Wilkins. On a Real Character, pt. iii. c. 12.

Soft sigh'd the flute; the tender voice was heard, Warbling the varied heart; the woodlands round Apply'd their quire; and winds and waters flow'd In consonance. Thomson. Spring. Sin discomposeth all the consonancy in man, making a discord between flesh and blood, which is the cause of all evil, and finally of the last of all dissonancies, which is death. Tatler, No. 274. And therefore I shall rather observe, that consonantly thereunto God was pleased to consider man, so much the more than the creatures made for him, that he made the sun itself stand still, and at another time to go back, and divers times made part of the universe forget their nature, or act contrary to it.-Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p. 17.

They affect singularity, for want of any thing else that is singular; and finding in themselves strong desires of conspicuousness, with small abilities to attain it, they are resolved with Erostatus, that fired Diana's temple to be talked of for having done so, to acquire that considerableness by their sacrilege, which they must despair of from their own parts.-Id. Ib. vol. ii. p. 303.

You have not the least reason to doubt of my zeal to serve you of which I have given many conspicuous testimonies in this province, as well as at Rome.

Melmoth. Cicero, b. vi. Let. 1.

CONSPIRE, v. CONSPIRER. CONSPIRANT, adj. CONSPIRATION.

CONSPIRATOR.

CONSPIRACY.

Fr. Conspirer; Sp. Conspirar; It. Conspirare; Lat. Conspirare, (con, and spirare, to breathe;) as it were to breathe together in one action, to agree or conCONSPIREMENT. sent with one breath, (MinCONSPIRINGLY. shew.) Tooke derives Spirare from the A. S. Spiri-un, (Ger. Speiren; Dut. Spuren ;) Scotch, to speir or spire. · Το search out by the track, or trace; to inquire, and make diligent search," (Somner.) For Speir see Dr. Jamieson; and see ASPIRE, and SPIRIT.

66

To conspire, then, will be to search or seek after, or pursue eagerly, ambitiously, in union with others; to join, unite, agree, combine, concert, complot, confederate, in the same pursuit; for the attainment or acquisition of the same end or object.

From thennes forth the Jewes han conspired This innocent out of this world to chace.

Chaucer. The Prioresses Tale, v. 13,495

It hath bene the vsuall practise of all sectaries and especiallie Anabaptists, who count them all as wicked, and vngodlie, as vvorldlinges, and men pleasers, as idle and slouthfull, that conspire not vvith them in their confused platforme. Whitgift. Defence, Pref. p. 5. Stand ye secure ye safer shrubs below, In humble dales, whom heav'ns do not dispight; Nor angry clouds conspire your overthrow Envying at your too disdainful height.

Bp. Hall. Satires. A Defiance to Envy. He fell againe into another newe trouble and daunger; being called into question as one of Cataline's conspiracie, both before the questor Novivs Niger in his house, and that by L. Vettivs who approached him; and also in the senate, by P. Cvrivs unto whom for that he detected first the plots and designments of the conspiratours, were rewards appointed by the state.-Holland. Suetonius, p. 7.

-Thou art a traitor;

False to thy gods, thy brother, and thy father, Conspirant 'gainst this high illustrious prince. Shakespeare. Lear, Act v. sc. 3. Twere now time to reduce this operation to practice, and shew you, 1. What directions conscience is able to afford from every of those laws for the ruling of all actions of that kind; and secondly, what an harmony and conspiration there is betwixt all these laws, one mutually aiding and assisting the other, and not violating and destroying. Hammond. Works, vol. i. p. 210. But these conspirers couched all so clene Through close demeanour, that their wiles did weane My heart from doubts, so many a false deuice They forged fresh, to hide their enterprise. Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 406. Whosoever shall put away, either violently without mutual consent for urgent reasons, or conspiringly by plot of lust, or cunning malice, shall put away for any sudden mood, or contingency of disagreement, which is not daily practice but may blow soon over, and be reconcil'd, except it be fornication; that man, or that pair, commit adultery.

Milton. Tetrachordon.

Roaring she tears the air with such a noise
As well resembled the conspiring voice
Of routed armies, when the field is won;
To reach the ears of her escaped son.

Waller. Battle of the Summer Islands, c. 3.

I know thou'lt say, my passion's out of season, That Cato's great example and misfortunes Should both conspire to drive it from my thoughts. Addison. Cato, Act iii. sc. 1. That those three [the Holy Spirit, the Father, and Son] joyned and confederated (as it were) are conspiringly propitious and favourable to us.- Barrow, vol. ii. Ser. 34.

Then shalt thou find, whilst friends with foes conspire
To give more proof than virtue would desire,
Thy danger chiefly lies in acting well;

No crime's so great as daring to excel. Churchill. Epistle to W. Hogarth. Is it alien to the office of a good member of parliament, when such practises increase and when the audacity of the conspirators grows with their impunity, to point out in his place their evil tendency to the happy constitution which he is chosen to guard?

Burke. Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs.

I shall here, with the utmost veracity, give a short account of Catiline's conspiracy; a memorable attempt, both for the enormous wickedness of it, and the danger it threatened. Rose. Sallust The Conspiracy of Catiline.

VOL. I.

CONSPISSA'TION. Lat. Conspissare, (con, and spissare, to thicken ;) spissus, a omidvos, quod est densus, obscurus.

Denseness, thickness.

For body's but this spirit, fixt, gross by conspissation. More. Infinity of Worlds, s. 13. Fr. Connétable; It. Conestabile; Sp. Condestabile. Verstegan and Sir T. Smith think that this word might more rightly be kingstable, (King in A. S. Cuning.) Columen requotation from Sir T. Smith.) Spelman, Menage, gis, the support or stay of the king. (See the Du Cange, Vossius, and Skinner, agree that it is a corruption of comes stabuli, "an officer," as Blackstone observes, "well known in the empire; so called, because like the Lord High Constable of England, he was to regulate all matters of chivalry, tilts, tournaments, and feats of arms, which were performed on horseback,” (Com. i. 355.)

CONSTABLE, n. CONSTABLESS. CONSTABLErie. Co'NSTABLEship. CONSTABULATORY.

Manie flowe to churche, & the constable vnnethe
Atarnde [return'd] aliue, & manie were ibrogt to dethe.
R. Gloucester, p. 539.

The constable and dame Hermegild his wif
Were payenes, and that contree every wher;
But Hermegild loved Custance as hire lif;
And Custance hath so long sojourned ther
In orisons, with many a bitter tere,
Til Jesu hath converted thurgh his grace
Dame Hermegild, constablesse of that place.

Chaucer. The Man of Lawes Tale, v. 4953. Than drede had in her bailly The keeping of the constablery Toward the north I vnderstond.-Id. Rom. of the Rose, Than the constable went forthe, and then cam in diuerse seculers and they scorned me on euery syde, and manassed me greatly.-State Trials. W. Thorpe, an. 1407.

And all these before named albeit they haue not yet obteyned the rewarde promysed them for their godly lyuynge, whiche reward shal be geuen them at the general resurrection of the bodyes: yet haue they deserued perpetuall prayse for the constantness of theyr fayth.-Udal. Heb. c. 11.

The constance of the minde.

Surrey. The Louer excuseth Himself, &c. These things we [Saxony and Hesse] now repeat, that a testimony might remain with the king, signed by us: that he might not doubt of our constancy.

Strype. Records, No. 103. To the King.

The ancient churches in the time of the first persecutions, cannot shewe a more famous: whether wee doe behold the force of his faith, his firme and stedfast constantnesse, the inuincible strength of his spirit, or the cruel and horrible tormentes.-Fox. Martyrs. W. Gardiner, p. 1241.

But, like a constant and confirmed devil, He entertain'd a show so seeming just, And therein so ensconc'd his secret evil, That jealousy itself could not mistrust. Shakespeare. Rape of Lucrece. Yet that every individuall should necessarily yeeld weaker and worser seede for the propagation of the species then itself was generated of, that I constantly beleeve can never be proved.-Hakewill. Apologie, p. 223.

Using all his skill,

By his black hellish ministers to vex
All worthy men, and strangely to perplex
Their constancy, thereby them so to fright,
That they should yield them wholly to his might.
Drayton. To Mr. W. Brown.
Proud of her birth (for equal she had none)
The rest she scorn'd, but hated him alone;
His gifts, his constant courtship, nothing gain'd;
For she, the more he lov'd, the more disdain'd.
Dryden. Theodore & Honoria.
Thus the wise nightingale, that leaves her home,
Her native wood, when storms and winter come,
Pursuing constantly the cheerful spring,
To foreign groves does her old music bring.
Waller. To Sir W. D'Avenant.

Why have not I this constancy of mind,
Who have so many griefs to try its force.
Addison. Cato, Act i. sc. 3.

Honourable indeed is that approbation which is bestowed by those who have themselves been the constant object of universal applause.-Melmoth. Cicero, b. vi. Let. 10.

Let temp'rance constantly preside
Our best physician, friend, and guide!

Cotton. Health, Vision 3.

This Divine favour was not confined to the three first centuries it hath been extended to multitudes, who since that time have fallen innocent victims to Antichristian tyranny, and have laid down their lives for their religion with as much constancy as the ancient Christians.

Jortin. Remarks on Ecclesiastical History. CONSTELLATE, v. Fr. Constellation; It. CONSTELLATION. Constellazione; Sp. Constellacion; the Lat. Constellatus and constellatio, (con, and stella, a star,) are not of classical authority. Constellatio is used by Ammianus. (See the quotation from Holland's translation.) Constellatus, by Trebellius Pollio. A constellation

Som wikke aspect or disposition
Of Saturne, by som constellation,
Hath yeven us this.-Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. 1090.

And nethles yet some men write
And sayn fortune is to wite :
And some men holde opinion,
That it is constellacion,

Whiche causeth all that a man doothe.

Gower. Con. A. Prol. He cursed his fate or constellation, and wished that he

Sir T. Elyot. Governovr, b. ii. c. 19

So these scattered perfections which are divided among the several cantons of created beings, were, as it were, constellated and summ'd up in this epitome of the greater world, Man.-Glanvill. Vanity of Dogmatizing, c. 1. What artist now dares boast that he can bring Heav'n hither, or constellate any thing, So as the influence of those stars may be Imprison'd in a herb, or charm, or tree, And do by touch all which those stars could do? Donne. An Anatomy of the World. Up, up, fair bride, and call Thy stars from out their several boxes, take Thy rubies, pearls, and diamonds forth and make Thyself a constellation of them all.—Id. Epithalamium.

Among the papers, there was found the horoscope of one Valens, and when he was charged often thus farre, namely why he had calculated the constellation of the prince [Valens], he promised to shew by good and evident proofes, that it was his own brother Valens.-Holland. Ammianus, p. 362.

And you will not much wonder, that I place this virtue among those that constellate, if I may so speak, an heroic mind.-Boyle. Works, vol. v. p. 561.

There is extant in the scripture, to them who know how to constellate those lights, a very excellent body of moral precepts.-Id. Ib. vol. ii. p. 285.

These are the single stars which are sprinkled through the Eneis; but there are whole constellations of them in the fifth book.-Dryden. Discourse on Epick Poetry.

He who is solicitous for his own improvement must not be limited by local reputation, but select from every tribe of mortals their characteristical virtues, and constellate in himself the scattered graces which shine single in other men.-Rambler, No. 201.

He [Locke] would have seen that the only composition was in the terms; and consequently, that it was as improper to speak of a complex idea, as it would be to call a constellation a complex star.-Tooke. Div. of Purley, pt. i. c. 2.

CONSTERNATION. Fr. Consternation; Lat. Consternare, of the same origin as Consternere. Sterno from storno, by syncope from σTоpevvvw, and that from στυρεω ; στορ-ειν, to throw or lay flat.

When accidents like thieves, unthought on, set upon us; the consternation gives the deeper wound.-Feltham, pt.i. Res.5.

Fr. Constituer; It. Costituire; Sp. Constituir; Lat. Constituere, utum; to put, place, or cause to be or stand together, (con, and statuere, from statum, past part. of stare, to stand.) To constitute, as applied in English, is

CONSTITUTIONALIST. CONSTITUTIONALLY. CONSTITUTIONIST. CO'NSTITUTING, n. CONSTITUTIVE. To cause or make to CONSTITUENT, adj. be, to fix, settle, estaCONSTITUENT, n. blish or confirm; to ordain, decree, appoint or determine.

Skelton writes Constitue.

CONSTITUTE, v. CONSTITUTE, n. CONSTITUTER.

CONSTITUTION.

CONSTITUTIOned.

CONSTITUTIONAL.

The said noble Osrike, by councell of Bosell,

(Which was the first bishop of Worcester diocese)
Did put in here nuns, to enhabite and dwell,
And Kingburge his sister did constitute abbesse.
R. Gloucester, p. 579. App.
The grounde my sonne for to seche
Upon this diffinicion,

The worldes constitucion
Hath set the name of gentillnesse

Vpon the fortune of richesse.-Gower. Con. A. b. iv. Wherefore I shall specyfye vnto you the condycyons of the enuyous, who that holdeth hym of the subgectes of enuye, she constytueth to deuoure, and byte euery bodye. Skelton. The Boke of Three Fooles. Wherefore if men wil be wyse and warned in tyme, let them fere God constituting heithen kinges, as was Nebuchadnecer, and now is the Turke, to punisshe sinne. Joye. Exposicion of Daniel, c. 1. Than sens fayth is the foundation of justice, whiche is the chiefe constitutour and maker of a publyke weale and by the afore mencioned auctoritie, conseruatour of the same, I maye well conclude, that fayth is bothe the originall, and (as it were) principal constitutour and conseruatour of the publyke weale.-Sir T. Elyot. Governour, b. iii. c. 7.

Constitution is applied to the whole state or condition of bodily strength or health; to that also of the mind; to the whole established state or condition of the laws.

And yet were they themselues for blynde zeale of their owne constitutions, as redy as their fathers to slea whosoeuer testified vnto them, the same truth which, the prophets testified vnto their fathers.-Tyndall. Workes, p. 30.

This Brutus had three sonnes, who constituted three

For enfranchised Latines, the freedome of Romane citizens, and for wome, the priviledge and benefit of those that had four children, which constitutions stand in force and be observed at this day.-Holland. Suetonius, p. 163.

If this [the freedom and independency of parliament] be shaken, our constitution totters. If it be quite removed,-our constitution falls into ruin. That noble fabric, the pride of Britain, the envy of her neighbours, raised by the labour of so many centuries, repaired at the expense of so many millions, and cemented by such a profusion of blood; that noble fabric, I say, which was able to resist the united efforts of so many races of giants, may be demolished by a race of pigmies.-Bolingbroke. Dissertation upon Parties.

Besides, I would fain ask these tender-constitution'd ladies, why they should require more cooling than their mothers before them.-Spectator, No. 127.

Let us hope, and endeavour by all possible means, that it may not be felt too late; and to encourage the constitutionists, or the country-party, in this attempt, let us consider from whom an opposition to it is to be expected. Bolingbroke. Dissertation upon Parties.

It is not more necessary to the constituting of a man that a human soul inhabit in a human body, than it is to the being a true Christian, that the Holy Spirit of God inhabit in the soul and body of the man. Sharp. Works, vol. v. Dis. 3.

But not that the constitutive essences of all individual created beings were eternal and uncreated, as if God in creating of the world, did nothing else, but as some sarcastically express it, Sartoris instar Rerum Essentias vestire Existentia, only clothed the eternal, increated, and antecedent essences of things with a new outside garment of existence, and not created the whole of them.

Cudworth. Immutable Morality, b. iv. c. 6. And for the more clear and regular proceeding on this copious subject, I shall distribute the globe into its own grand constituent parts.

1st, The earth and its appurtenances. 2d, The waters and theirs.

Derham. Physico-Theology, b. iii. Introd. Men, who their duties know, But know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain. Prevent the long-aim'd blow, And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain: These constitute a state.-Jones. Ode in imit. of Alcæus.

If an honest, and I may truly affirm, a laborious zeal for the public service, has given me any weight in your esteem, let me exhort and conjure you, never to suffer an invasion of your political constitution, however minute the instance may appear, to pass by, without a determined, persevering resistance.-Junius, Ded.

Theories on government, when framed by sober and thinking men, cannot but be of great importance, as serving to remind both the governors and governed of their respective interests and duties; nay, and as tending ultimately to improve establishments themselves; but by degrees only, and by constitutional means.

Hurd. Sermon before the House of Lords. Virgil only knew the horrour of the times before him. Had he lived to see the revolutionists and constitutionalists of France, he would have had more horrid and disgusting features of his Harpies to describe, and more frequent failures in the attempt to describe them.

Burke. To a Noble Lord.

Others may be more constitutionally dull-hearted, and cannot raise their thoughts in so elevated a degree; and yet may still be pious Christians.-Gilpin, vol. i. Ser. 23.

If there is a doubt whether the house of commons represents perfectly the whole commons of Great Britain, (I think there is none,) there can be no question but that the lords and the commons together represent the sense of the whole people to the crown, and to the world. Thus it is when we speak legally and constitutionally. Burke. On a Regicide Peace, Let. 3. It was an artifice sometimes practised by the candidates for offices, in order to recommend themselves to the good graces of their constituents, to pretend a kindred to which they had no right, by assuming the name of some favourite and popular family.-Melmoth. Cicero, b. xii. Let. 10. Note. CONSTRAIN, v. CONSTRAINABLE. CONSTRAINEDLY. CONSTRAINER, CONSTRAINT, N. CONSTRAINTIVE, adj.

It.

Fr. Constraindre; Sp. Constrénir; Costrignere; Lat. Constringere, to press close or tight together, (con, and stringere.)

To press tight or close together; to compress; to draw together or contract; to bind together; to compel or force together; to compel, to force. Constrain is formed immediately from the Fr. Constringe, Constrict (qqv.), from the Lat.

Men sholde constreyne no clerke to knavene werkes. Piers Plouhman, p. 78. And the lord seide to the seruant, go out into weyes and heggis: and constreyne men to entre: that myn hous be fulfild.-Wiclif. Luke, c. 14.

Fede ye the flok of God that is among you, purueie ye not as constreyned, but wilfulli bi God.-Id. 1 Petir, c. 5.

Women of kind desiren libertie,
And not to be constreined as a thral;
And so don men, if sothly I say shal.

Chaucer. The Frankeleines Tale, v. 11,081.
He was with loue vnwise constreigned,
And she with reason was restreigned.

Gower. Con. A. b. iv. As ye will not doe of yourselves, ye must be compelled to do by others, and that ye refuse to doe willingly, thinke ye must be drawn to doe the same constrainedly.

Sir John Cheke. The Hurt of Sedition. And that ye may well perceiue that his calling is no constrainte of necessity, many whom he calleth, doe willingly for al his calling perish.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1075.

[They haue] (not through any constrayning necessitie or constraintiue vowe) but on a voluntarye choyce made their elder brothers mansion a colledge of single living. Carew. Survey of Cornwall, fol 127. O! what strange things by deare experience past, Could this man tell, amazement to constraine? Who saw the world first full, then all turn'd waste Yet liv'd himselfe to people it again.

Stirling. Dooms-day. The eighth Houre. O foule descent; that I who erst contended With Gods to sit the highest, am now constrain'd Into a beast, and mixt with bestial slime. Milton. Paradise Lost, b. ix. What should he do? leaue on the naked sand This woefull ladie, half aliue, halfe dead? Kindnesse forbod, pittie did that withstand; But hard constraint (alas) did thence him lead. Fairefax. Godfrey of Bovlogne, b. xvi. s. 61. Cle. Yet there were some, That in their sullen looks, rather confess'd A forced constraint to serve her, than a will To be at her devotion.

Massinger. The Emperor of the East, Act i. sc. 1. For whereas men before stood bound in conscience to doe as the law of reason teacheth; they are now by vertue of humane law become constrainable, and if they outwardly transgresse, punishable.-Hooker. Eccles. Politie, b. i. § 10

CONSTRUE, v. CONSTRUCT, V. CONSTRUCTER. CONSTRUCTION. CONSTRUCTIONAL.

Lat. Construere, constructum, (con, and struere,) which Vossius suspects is from ZTEPE-0€, i. e. firmum solidumque reddere; and thus equivalent to the English verb, to Build, (qv.) and to Construct.

CONSTRUCTIVE. CONSTRUCTIVELY. CONSTRUCTURE. To build or put, place, fix or fasten, firmly, strongly together; (met.) to put or place or dispose words together in a sentence.

Construction is applied not only to the putting or placing, the disposition or arrangement of words together; but to the whole when so put together; (sc.) the signification, or meaning, the explanation or interpretation. Construe, v.-Fr. Construire; Sp. Construir; It. Costruire, is used (met.)—

To put or place, (sc.) the words of one language into the order required by the usages of another; and thus, generally, to show the signication or meaning, the explanation or interpretation; to explain, to interpret.

Lete thy confessour syre kyng. construe this in English. Piers Plouhman, p. 71.

In which, [Collins' Navigation,] besides projections of the sphere, there are constructions for many astronomical problems and spherical propositions.

Wood. Fasti Oxon, an. 1658.

A proud man constructively puts himself out of the number of God's creatures, and deserves to be excluded from his tender providence.-Bates. Scriptural Perfection, c. 3. Ye sons of art one curious piece devise From whose constructure motions shall arise. Blackmore. Creation, b. i. They who represent the commons of Great Britain, could not but have some fear, that it might justly be construed as an inexcusable breach of duty towards those whom they represent, and a sort of sharing in the guilt of the present conspiracy itself.-Hoadly. Let. signed Britannicus, Let. 15.

The Jews construed those passages of a temporal deliverance from the Roman yoke, and a temporal reign in Palestine. But did they construe them right?

Bp. Horne. Works, vol. iv. The Case of the Jews, Dis. 8.

And yet, by the antient common law, there was a great latitude left in the breast of the judges to determine what was treason, or not so: whereby the creatures of tyrannical princes had opportunity to create abundance of constructive treasons; that is, to raise, by forced and arbitrary constructions, offences unto the crime and punishment of treason, which never were suspected to be such.

Blackstone. Commentaries, b. iv. c. 6.

As if the original grant express either an estate of inheritance, or for life; or no estate at all, which is construclively an estate for life.-Id. Ib. b. ii. c. 10.

The necessity of doing something, and the fear of undertaking much, sinks the historian to a genealogist, the philosopher to a journalist of the weather, and the mathematician to a constructor of dials.-Rambler, No. 103.

CONSTUPRATE. Į Fr. Constuprer; Sp. CONSTUPRA'TION. Construpar; Lat. Stu

prum.

To constuprate, ravish, deflower, defile, a woman. The good gostlye father that constuprated ii. hundred nonnes in his tyme.-Bale. On the Revelat. (1653.) P. iii.

Their wives and lovliest daughters constuprated by every base cullion.-Burton. Anatomy of Melancholy, p. 165.

The first are eyes full of adulteries; every glance whereof is an act of beastliness: the very sight is a kind of constupration.-Bp. Hall. Ser. The Fashions of the World.

CONSUBJECT, v. Lat. Con, and subjicere, subjectum; to throw or cast under, to place under. To consubject is

But after the destruction of their six first kings which died in the reign of Asa, (they) admitted a seventh of a new family rather then they would consubject themselves with those of Juda and Benjamin, under a more honourable but more heavy yoak.-Ralegh. Hist. of the World, b. ii. c. 19. s. 6.

There are some who hold two consubsisting wills, an active and an elective, the latter continually directing the former; how truly, I shall not examine.

Search. Light of Nature, vol. ii. pt. iii. c. 26.

CONSUBSIST, v. Lat. Con, and subsistere, to stand or stay under, (sub, and sistere, to stand or stay.) See CONSIST.

To subsist with, in union or together with.

CON-SUBSTANTIATE,v. CONSUBSTANTIATE, adj. CONSUBSTANTIATION. CONSUBSTANTIAL. CONSUBSTANTIALIST. CONSUBSTANTIALITY.

Fr. Consubstantial; It. Consustanziale; Sp. Consubstancial. To consubstantiate, (con, sub,

and stans, standing,) is—'

To unite or co-exist in the same substance; to share or partake of the same nature.

This our inheritour Christ Jesus, God with God, light of light, coeternall and consubstantiall with the Father and with the Holie Ghost, to the end that he might become our husband (because the husband & the wife must be one bodie & one flesh.)

Fox. Martyrs. Letter of M. John Bradford, p. 1053.

And how is it like that Marcellinus which died in the twentith yeare of Dioclesian, could write of consubstantialitie of the diuine persons when that controuersie & terme of consubstantialitie was not herd of in the Church before Nicene councell, which was twentie-three yeares after him. Id. Ib. The ten first Persecutions, p. 86.

He that means to learn the secrets of God's wisdom must be, as Plato says, any λoyikny Čwny ovocwuevos, his soul must be consubstantiated with reason, not invested with passion: to him that is otherwise, things are but in the dark, his notion is obscure, and his sight troubled.

Bp. Taylor, pt. iii. Ser. 6.

And then since all love strictly examined arises out of love to ourselves, 'tis no wonder that we must love her, that is thus consubstantiate with us.-Feltham. Luke, xiv. 20.

Or as in spring-time from one sappy twig,
There sprouts another consubstantiall sprig.

Du Barlas. The sixth Day of the first Week. The Lutheran holds consubstantiation an error indeed, but not mortal.-Milton. Of True Religion.

But all your several churches disagree, The consubstantiating church and priest Refuse communion to the Calvinist.

Dryden. The Hind & the Panther.

A Papist shall say 'tis dangerous, because, perhaps, it agrees not so well with transubstantiation; and a Lutheran, because his consubstantiation is in hazard, but neither consider, whether transubstantiation or consubstantiation be true or false, but taking it for granted that they are true, or at least gainful, whatever hits not with it, or is against it, must be dangerous.-Locke. Molyneux to Locke.

Athanasius writing to Epictetus concerning those who held Christ's body to be consubstantial with his divinity, tells him this was so gross a conceit that it needed no solicitous confutation; but that it would be a sufficient answer to say in general the orthodox church was not of that mind, our fathers did not think so.

Tillotson. Rule of Faith, pt. iv. s. 1.

It may serve to guard us from divers errours, such as are that of the Lutheran consubstantialists, and of the Roman transubstantiators, who affirm that the body of our Lord is here upon earth at once present in many places, (namely in every place, where the host is kept, or the Eucharist is celebrated.)-Barrow, vol. ii. Ser. 31.

accustom.

Custom.
Wherfore to say yt it is sacrilege, or unlawfull to observe

To become subjects in union with others; to this consuetude or law must bee iudged erronious. submit to the same government with others.

Barnes. Workes, p. 301.

CONSULT, v.
CONSULT, n.
CONSULTATION.
CONSULTATIVE.

Fr. Consulter; Sp. Consultar; It. Consultare; Lat. Consul-ere, consultum, to hold council; to advise with. Of uncertain origin. Martinius CONSULTIVE. says, a con and salio. Qui consulunt rationibus in unam sententiam, quasi saliunt.

CONSULTER.

To confer thoughts or opinions, to deliberate upon them, to weigh, to examine, them; to seek or require the opinions, thoughts, advice, of another; to advise, to devise; to confer or refer to the thoughts, opinions, knowledge, of others.

To this the king of men replied; O father, all the sonnes Of Greece thou conquerst, in the strife of consultations. Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. ii. -If other hidden cause Left them superiour, while we can preserve Unhurt our minds, and understandings sound, Due search and consultation will disclose. Milton. Paradise Lost, b. vi. Those who sacrifised their children as the Phoenicians did for a remedy against the plague; as also diviners, observers of times, enchanters, whitches, charmers, consulters with familiar spirits, wizards, and necromancers. Grew. Cosmo. Sacra, b. iv. c. 8. If it be but consultive to the magistrate, then they say no more than we.-Goodwin. Works, vol. iv. pt. iv. p. 158.

He therefore hath been most consultive about the effecting of this and for the bringing it to its performance according to his own desire.-Id. Ib. vol. v. pt. i. p. 109.

None of them elect or choose the emperour, but only those six princes who have a consultative, deliberative, and determinative power in his election.

Bp. Bramwell against Hobbes, p. 27. And, indeed, Cranmer, Ridley, and Cox, were the chief that managed that affair (the review of that communion book]; though they consulted with Bucer and Peter Martyr. Strype. Memorials. Q. Mary. an. 1554. When you have gain'd that pass, divide your force; Your self in person head one chosen half, And march t' oppose the faction in consult With dying Dorax.-Dryden. Don Sebastian, Act iv. sc. 1. A consult of coquettes below Was call'd, to rig him out a beau.-Swift. Death & Daphne. By the consultation of books, whether of dead or living authors, many temptations to petulance and opposition, which occur in oral conferences, are avoided. Rambler, No. 87. The consulters [of the oracles] sometimes wrote their requests, and received answers in writing.

Jortin. On Ecclesiastical History.

CONSUME, v. Fr. Consumer; Sp. ConCONSUMABLE. sumir; It. Consumare; Lat. CONSUMER. Consumere, (con, and sumCONSUMINGLY. ere;) totum sumere, in nihiCONSUMPTION. lum redigere, to take ali, CONSUMPTIVE. reduce to nothing; i.e. sub, and em-ere; which according to Festus signifies, toll-ere, (to till,) to lift up, to take up.

To take the whole; to reduce to nothing, to leave nothing; to devour, waste, or destroy. Fuller (Worthies, Kent,) coins for himself the adj. Consumptionish.

Behold my picture here wel portrayed for the nones With hart consumed and falling flesh, behold the very bones.-Vncertaine Auctors. Picture of a Louer

So fine was never yet the cloth,

No smith so hard his yron did beate, But those consumed was with moth Together with canker all to freate.

Id. That eche Thing is hurle of itselfe. Now let vs see what help we may haue of this medicin against the sickness of euy, which is vndoubtedly both a sore tormēt & a very consumpcion.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 85.

I dye, though not incontinent; By processe yet consumingly;

As wast of fire, which doth relent.

Wyat. The Louer lamenteth his Estate, &c. And all members of the body conspired against the stomacke as against the swallowing gulf of all their labours; for whereas the eyes beheld, the ears heard, the hands laboured, the feet travailed, the tongue spake, and all parts performed their functions, onely the stomache lay idle and consumed all.-Camden. Remains. Wise Speeches.

Beastly consumer! not content to eat The wholesome quarters destin'd for men's meat. Cotton. On the Great Eater of Gray's Inn. Another argument drawne from reason, for the world's decay, is, that all the parts of it decay and by degrees grow to dissolution, which should likewise argue a wasting and lingering consumption in the whole.-Hakewill. Apol. p. 55.

By which we are at last brought to this truth-that it was taught by God to Adam, and by him taught to his posterity, that they should in their several manners worship God by giving to him something of all that he had given us; and therefore something of our time, and something of our goods and as that was to be spent in praises and celebration of his name, so these were to be given in consumptive offerings.-Bp. Taylor. Rule of Conscience, b. ii. c. 3.

Our coin and treasure will be both ways equally diminished, and can be restor'd only by an over-balance of our whole exportation, to our whole importation of consumable commodities.-Locke. Further Considerations on Money.

When once the necessity appears of paying the duties, and of leaving off the clandestine trade, the price to the consumer must of consequence be immediately advanced.

Hoadly. Letters signed Britannicus, &c. Let. 89. War, our consumption, was their gainful trade : We inward bled, whilst they prolong'd our pain; He fought to end our fighting, and essay'd

To stanch the blood by breathing of the vein. Dryden. On the Death of Oliver Cromwell. It [prayer] is not at all consumptive of our time. For we may attend this work, when we are doing other business. Sharp. Works, vol. i. Ser. 15. Every new advance of the price to the consumer is a new incentive to him to retrench the quality of his consumption; and if, upon the whole, he pays the same, his property computed by the standard of what he voluntarily pays, must remain the same.—Burke. On a Regicide Peace, Let. 3. It is as if the dead could feel The icy worm around them steal, And shudder as the reptiles creep, To revel o'er their rotting sleep, Without the power to scare away The cold consumers of their clay.-Ld. Byron. Giaour. The healing art calls in the snails in consumptive cases. Pennant. Zoology. Wormes, c. 6. CONSUMMATE, v. Fr. Consommer; Sp. CONSUMMATE, adj. Consumir; It. ConsomCONSUMMATELY. mare; Lat. Con, and CONSUMMATION. summus, (superrimus, supremus, summus, from supra, above.)

To reach the top or summit, the highest or utmost point aimed at or aspired after; to attain, to finish, perfect, fulfil, complete, or accomplish.

There is not a blessing upon earth, that can any way hope or seem to parallel a sober well grounded assurance here, that in time we shall be saints in heaven; 'tis such a paradise upon earth, that heaven itself seems but a second part of it, differing from it rather in degrees and external accom

plishments, than in any distinct specifical kind of happi

ness; (the Lord of heaven by his mighty working, when it
shall please him, begin and consummate it in us.)
Hammond. Works, vol. iv. p. 565.
Thus broke she off her speech, when as the Muse awhile,
Desirous to repose, and rest her with the isle,
Here consummates her song, and doth fresh courage take.
With war, in the next book, the Muses to awake.
Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 22.
That all the angels and ætherial powers,
They now, and men hereafter, may discern,
From whose consummate vertue I have chose
This perfect man, by merit call'd my Son,
To earn salvation for the sons of men.

Milton. Paradise Regained, b. i.

I will shut up this reason with my witty epigram made vpon one who in his writings vndertooke to foretell the very yeare of the world's consummation.—Hakewill. Apol. p. 23.

Aud therefore, so long as God is angry with thee, however rich and happy thou mayst think thyself, thou art in hell though thou knowest it not; and there is nothing wanting to consummate thy misery, but the apprehension of thy sad condition.-Bp. Beveridge, vol. ii. Ser. 85.

pursue:

But he, consummate master, knew
When to recede, and where
His noble negligences teach
What other's toils despair to reach.-Prior. Alma, c. 2.

Of this match the queen, who had lost so much time, was very fond, and earnestly desirous of the consummation of it; though afterwards she had but little comfort therein. Strype. Memorials. Queen Mary, an. 1554. [They] under the conduct of Felix Rogusinus, a Dalmatian, consummately learned in the Greek, Chaldaic, and Arabic languages, and an elegant designer and painter of ornaments on vellum, attended incessantly to the business of transcription and decoration.

Warton. Hist. of English Poetry, vol. ii. s. 18. When it is said that of his [Christ's] kingdom there shall be no end, the meaning is that it shall not pass away like other kingdoms, and that there shall be no end of it, till the consummation of all things.

Jortin. On the Christian Religion, Dis. 3.
Lat. Con, and tabula, a

CON-TABULATE. table, (qv.) To board; to strengthen as with boards.

Bedcords and boards are the best flesh-formers, consolidating, and contabulating his body of errantry into a gum or moving mummia.

Gayton. Notes on Don Quixote, vol. iii. p. 2. CONTACT, n. Lat. Conting-ere, actum, CONTACTION. to touch together; (con, CONTAGION. and tangere, from Gr. ByCONTAGIOUS. ειν, or θιγγαν-ειν, to touch. ) CONTAGIOUSNESS. Cont-ages, -agio, -agium,