As, for instance, he [Omai] told them that our country had ships as large as their island; and on board which were instruments of war, (describing our guns) of such dimensions, that several people might set within them; and that one of them was sufficient to crush the whole island at one shot-Cook. Voyages, vol. v. b. ii. c. 2.

CRUST, v. CRUST, n. CRUSTACEOUS. CRUSTA'TION. CRU'STY.

Howe shalt thou please him, when thou lackest thy painting? except thou wilt neuer wash out the crust, but goe so with a crust of paynting to bedde, and so rise, and be so within and abroade among folks.

Vives. Instruction of a Christian Woman, b. i. c. 9. Seekanauk, a kinde of crusty shel-fish, which is good

meat, about a foot in bredth, hauing a crusty taile, many larres like a crab, and her eyes in her back. They are found in shallowes of waters, and sometime on the shore. Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. iii. p. 274. Our mere-learn'd me; and modern wise Taste not poor poesies ingenuities, Being crusted with their couetous leprosies.

Chapman. Homer. Battaile of Frogs, &c. Ep. Ded.

I have been since with all your friends and tenants,
And, on the forfeit of your favour, charged them,
Though a crust of mouldy bread would keep him from
starving,
Yet they should not relieve him.

Massinger. A New Way to pay Old Debts, Act ii. sc. 1.

Some be covered with crusty or hard pills, as the locusts. Holland. Plinie, b. ix. c. 12. They rub the frozen parts with snow, or else cast the whole body into water, by which means the whole body is crusted over with ice.-Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p. 713.

Wasps and hornets will fly about, and use their wings, a good part of an houre after they have lost their heads; which is to be imputed to the residence of their soul in them still, and the intireness of the animal spirits not easily evaporating through their crustaceous bodies.

3

More. The Immortality of the Soul, b. ii. c. 11."

Pretending, that the face of nature may be now quite changed from what it was; and that formerly the whole collection of waters might be an orbicular abyss, arched over with an exterior crust or shell of earth, and that the breaking and fall of this crust might naturally make a deluge. Bentley, Ser. 3.

The 7th of December I put some very strong French brandy into a China cup, such as they drink coffee out of, and exposed it to the air: in three hours time it was turned into a crusty ice all about the sides of the cup, as if some cold blast had forced it abroad.-Boyle. Works, vol.ii. p. 715.

The food of the cod is either small fish, worms, crustaceous animals, such as crabs, large whelks, &c. and their digestion is so powerful, as to dissolve the greatest part of the shells they swallow.

Pennant. British Zoology. The Common Cod-fish. The crustation of the building was changed to what it now is.-Pegge. Anecdotes of the English Language.

CRUTCH, n. A. S. Cricce; Ger. Krucke. CRUTCH, V.

} See SoCri

A staff for crowching, crooking, or stooping old men; (sc.) to support or uphold them.

For age with stealing steps,

Hath clawed me with his crowch, And lusty life away she leapes, As there had been none such.

Vncertaine Auctors. Thassault of Cupide, &c.

CRY, v.
CRY, n.
CRYING, n.
CRY'ER, Or
CRIER.
See Jamieson.

The Goth. Greit-an, is used about a dozen times in the Gothic version of the Gospels, and is always rendered flere, deplorare. See Lye.

Fr. Crouste; It. Crosta; Lat. Crustum, anо тоυ KрUOS, hoc est, a frigore, from cold, or frost. Crusta, (in Virg. Geor. iii. 360,) is the ice, CRU'STILY. or the surface of the water CRUSTINESS, adj. congealed, hardened by frost. Crust is applied toAny hardened surface, coat, or case.

noise, or sound of one weeping, lamenting, beThe primary application may have been to the wailing, deploring; then to any noise or sound of distress; to any sudden and loud expression of passion; of surprise, of fear or terror; of joy or gladness, blame or praise, complaint or congratu

And

To crust, to cover with, or draw over, any lation; to any loud call to gain or keep attention; hard surface, coat or case.

any acclamation, or exclamation, or declamation, or proclamation.

To cry,-to utter the sounds of lamentation or distress; to call out, speak out, loudly, noisily, clamorously, importunately; to shout, to exclaim, to proclaim, to declaim; to declaim against, to decry.

Cry, the noun, is sometimes applied to the cryers, collectively; in Shakespeare, "Ye common cry of curs;" and in Milton, "A cry of hell-hounds barked."

Fr. Crier; It. Gridare; Sp. Gridar; Dut. Kriiten; Ger. Krachen, schreien; A. S. Grat-an, or græd-an; Goth. Greit-an. Greit is still a common Scotch word.

Heo cryede and wep with sorwe ynow, and ofte yswoone lay.-R. Gloucester, p. 13.

To the kyng Canwan the quene wende tho,
And cryde on hym, that he ssolde helpe hyre in yr wo.
Id. p. 237.
Whan this was set & stabled, & pes cried on hii,
Henry the gong kyng gede to Normundie.

R. Brunne, p. 139. William with chartre bond him tille Henrie, & of alle his heires, and com to ther crie.-Id. Ib.

And Jhesus criynge with a gret vois seide, fadir into thi hondis I bitake my spyrit, and he seyinge thes thingis gaf up the gost.-Wielif. Luk, c. 23.

Wherefore her father promised by crye that noble young men should meate at Peverell's place in the Peke, and he that provid hymself yn feates of armes should have Mellet his doughter, with the Castel of Whitington.

Leland. Thinges excerpted, &c. vol. i. p. 23.

Serv. Are you the gentleman? cry you mercie, sir: I was required by a gentleman i' the citie as I rode out at this end o' the towne, to deliver you this letter, sir.

B. Jonson. Every Man in his Humour, Act i. sc. 2.
And all his host had standing in their lookes,
The paleness of the death that was to come,
Yet cried they out like vultures, and urg'd on

As if they would precipitate our fates.-Id. Catiline, Act v.
Then fast'ning ropes, drag them [statues] along the streets,
Crying in scorne, this, this was that rich head
Was crown'd with garlands and with odours, this
That was in Rome so reverenced.-Id. Sejanus, Act v.·

That, when the sodaine thaw comes we may break
Upon 'hem like a deluge, bearing down
Halfe Rome before us, and invade the rest
With cryes, and noyse able to wake the urnes
Of those are dead, and make their ashes feare.
Id. Catiline, Act i.

Good folk for gold or hire
But help me to a cryer;

For my poor heart is run astray
After two eyes, that pass'd this way.

Drayton. Odes. The Cryer. Far am I from disparaging the gift of voluntary and extemporary prayer, or crying down the use of it.

Sharp. Works, vol. iv. Ser. 5. Not long before the loud laments arise, Of one distress'd, and mastiff's mingled cries; And first the dame came rushing through the wood, And next the famish'd hounds that sought their food. Dryden. Theodore & Honoria.

On the contrary, cuckoldom is the basis of most of our modern plays. If an alderman appears upon the stage, you may be sure it is in order to be cuckolded. Spectator, No. 367.

No doubt but your fool's-cap has known
His highness obligingly kind,
Odzooks I could knock the fool down,
Was e'er such a cuckoldy hind?-Lloyd. Songs, Air 24.

CUCKOO. Ger. Kuck-gauck, cuckuck; Dut. Kuyck-kuck; Fr. Coucuo; It. Cucco; Lat. Cuculus; Gr. KORKU; all manifestly from the sound uttered

by this bird.

And among hem [lovers] it was a comune tale
That it were good to here the nightingale
Rather than the leud cuckow sing.

Chaucer. The Cuckow & the Nightingale.

And thus I sing, with harmelesse true intent,
Like Philomene, when as percase (meane while)
The cuckowe suckes mine egges by foul deceit,
And lickes the sweet, which might have fed me first.
Gascoigne. The Steele Glas.

The merry cuckowe, messenger of spring,

His trumpet shrill hath thrice already sounded; That warnes all louers waite vpon their king, Who now is comming forth with girland crowned. Spenser, Son. 19.

When daisies pied, and violets blue,

And lady-smocks all silver white, And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue, Do paint the meadows with delight. Shakespeare. Spring. A Song.

Lend me your song, ye nightingales:
While I deduce

•

From the first note the hollow cuckoo sings
Thomson. Spring.

The symphony of spring.

CUCQUEAN, n. Co'CQUEAN, v.

e cuckold-maker's wife, (Minshew.)

Cuck, cuculus, a cuckoldmaker; and quene, wife,

Queene Juno, not a little wroth

Against her husband's crime,

By whom shee was a cockqueene made,

Did therefore at the time

In which Alemena cride for helpe

To bring her fruit to light,

Quoth she, to pay so deere

For bringing him so great a wealth

As to be cuckquean'd here!

VOL. I.

CUD

Nay, madam, which is more He loves variety, and delights in change. And I heard him say, should he be married, He'd make his wife a cuckquean.

Id. Ib. b. viii. c. 41.

Pardon then, Ye sage dispensers of poetic fame, Th' ambition of one meaner far, whose pow'rs, Presuming an attempt not less sublime, Pant for the praise of dressing to the taste Of critic appetite, no sordid fare,

A cucumber, while costly yet and scarce.

Of wild beasts the red and fallow deere both doe chew cud

when they be made tame and fed by hand: but all choose rather in so doing, to lie than to stand, and in winter more than summer, for seven months ordinarily. Holland. Plinie, b. x. c. 73. Because half a dozen grasshoppers under a fearn make the field ring with their importunate chink, whilst thousands of great cattle, reposed beneath the shadow of the British those who make the noise are the only inhabitants of the oak, chew the cud and are silent; pray do not imagine that field; that, of course, they are many in number; or that, after all they are other than the little shrivelled, meagre, hopping, though loud and troublesome insects of the hour. Burke. On the French Revolution. CU'DDIN, n. This word has only been found in Dryden, and was probably formed from the preceding cud; as if slavering while he chew'd. Serenius refers to the Isl. Kutte, nanus, pumilio, a dwarf.

To cudgel,-to beat or strike with a cudgel, stick or staff; to beat, to batter; and (met.) to

Three nights and dayes inchaunt her throwes.
Warner. Albion's England, b. i. c. 4. cudgel the brains,-to force them to exertion.

Carte I from France Queene Dowager,

The slavering cuddin, propp'd upon his staff, Stood ready gasping with a grinning laugh, To welcome her awake, nor durst begin To speak, but wisely kept the fool within. Dryden. Cymon & Iphigenia. CUDDLE, v. Dr. Jamieson thinks it may be from the Ger. Kudd-en, coire, convenire; to come together. May it not be the dim. of cow, to cower; q. d. cow-dle:

To keep down close, to embrace closely.

Or have you mark'd a partridge quake,

Viewing the tow'ring falcon nigh? She cuddles low beneath the brake,

Nor would she stay, nor dare she fly.-Prior. The Dove.

They hopp'd from spray to spray,
They bill'd, they chirp'd all day,
They cuddled close all night.-Somervile, Fab. 11.
CUDGEL, v. From the Dut. Kudse,
CU'DGEL, n.
kudse, (Skinner and Junius,
CU'DGELLER.
CU'DGELLING, N.

A knotty stick, or stake, or

A mile off the island there is a rocke in the sea, wherein do breede many foules like vnto barnacles: in the night we went out in our boates, and with cudgels we killed many of them, and brought them with many of their eggs aboord with vs.-Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. iii p 488.

457

CUE, v. In a note upon Richard the Third (quoted below) Johnson says, "The expression is borrowed from the theatre. The cue, queue or tail of a speech, consists of the last words, which are the token for an entrance or answer. To come on the cue, therefore, is to come at the proper time." And in this Mr. Steevens appears to acquiesce. Lat. Cauda. Fr. Cue, or queue, a tail, from the Minshew says, that anti, or rather ante-loquie, is a term that stage-players use, called their qu

Cue, from its application to these stage directions, is extended to

Any intimation or slight direction: that, the part, which any one is directed, disposed, inclined to take; the inclination, the disposition; humour.

Cue, i. e. q, is also applied to denote a farthing (quadrans), a farthing's worth of bread, beer, &c. See Mr Nares's Glossary.

curl, to twist. To cue, to form like a tail, a curling line; to

He that did crowse, [crush] and culpon once
Hydra of Hellish spyte.

Drant. Horace. Epistle to Augustus. CULTER. See COULTER.

CULTIVATE, v.
CULTIVATION.

CULTIVATING, n.

CULTIVATOR.

Fr. Cultiver; It. Coltivare; Sp. Cultivar; Lat. Colere, cultum, to till. Vossius prefers an Hebrew CULTURE, V. origin. Lennep considers CULTURE, n. that Koλ-e, must have xisted in Greek as the root of koλaŠ-eiv, puni-re, nd of other words; and Scheidius that Koλ-IV, vas the same as KeλA-e, and meant pellere, impelere, impellendo agere; and further, vehementiùs ractare, tundere. And thus col-ere will signify, onsequentially

To labour earnestly, (sc.) for the improvement f any thing

As to cultivate the land,-to till it, to plough, manure it ;-to cultivate the mind,-to strive, abour or endeavour to improve, or better it, trengthen or enlarge it. Shaftesbury uses Cult, from the Fr. n. Culte. Lespect, worship.

This is a very deadly & monstrous perswació, which hath atred the mindes of men, beleuing that the studies of hilosophie are of estates and princes, either vtterly not to e touched or at lest wise with extreme lippes to be sipped, ad rather to the pomp and ostentacion of their wit, then to he culture & profit of theyr myndes to be litle & easily tasted. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 14.

Your highness may assure your self, that the same offices! of good-will towards your highness never shall be wanting in us; such as may be able to demonstrate how firmly we are resolv'd to cultivate both long and constantly, to the utmost of our power, that friendship which is between your serenity and this republic.

Milton. To the Grand Duke of Tuscany.

But that we may returne to Alexander, he having put over the river Arbis or Arabius, and having the very night following marched through a great part of the sandy country, came the next morning into places well inhabited and cultured.-Usher. Annals, an. 3679.

Amongst whom [Lacedæmonians] also both in other things, and especially in the culture of their bodies, the nobility observed the most equality with the commons.

Hobbes. Thucydides, b. i.

Thus is every one convinc'd of the reality of a better self, and of the cult or homage which is due to it.

Shaftesbury. Advice to an Author, pt. iii. s. 1.

The mind of man hath need to be prepared for piety and virtue; it must be cultivated to that end, and ordered with great care and pains. But the vices are weeds that grow wild and spring up of themselves.-Tillotson, vol. i. Ser. 10.

Even man hath an innate principle of reason, but it is use and cultivation of reason that must enable it actually to do that, which nature gives it only a remote power of doing. South, vol. vi. Ser. 11.

I have had a large, a fair, and a pleasant field; so fertile, that without my cultivating, it has given me two harvests in a summer, and in both oppressed the reaper.

Dryden. To Sir R. Howard.

Physicks being a science, whose large extent invites and warrants its cultivators to search into the nature and phenomena of things corporeal, indefinitely, it must often happen, that the medicinal art, and this science will be conversant about the same subject though in differing ways, with differing scopes.-Boyle. Works, vol. v. p. 74.

The mind that lies fallow but a single day, sprouts up in follies that are only to be killed by a constant and assiduous culture.-Spectator, No. 10.

Depend upon my sincerity, when I assure you, that I shall not only always honour you as a man of the first rank in letters, but shall be heartily disposed to cultivate your acquaintance, and to merit your good opinion. Warburton. From Dr. Lowth, Oct. 1756.

Being asked, whether the rajah is not bound to furnish

the cultivators of land with seed for their crops according to the custom of the country? he said, the king of Tanjour, as proprietor of the land, always makes advances of money for the seed for the cultivation of the land.

Burke. On the Nabob of Arcot's Debts, App. No. 7. But happiest they, who drooping realms relieve! Whose virtues in our cultur'd vales appear! For whose sad fate a thousand shepherds grieve And fading fields allow the grief sincere. Shenstone, Elegy 25.

From their tenements, Pleas'd and refresh'd, proceeds the caravan Through lively spreading cultures, pastures green, And yellow tillages in opening woods.-Dyer. The Fleece. CU'LVER, n. A. S. Culfre, columba, a dove, a pigeon. Wud-culfre, palumbus, a stock-dove, (Somner.)

And anoon he went up of the watris and syghe hevenes opened, and the Holy Gost comynge doun as a culvere and dwellynge in him.-Wiclif. Mark, c. 1.

Or as the culuer, that of the eagle is smitten.
Chaucer. Of Philomene.

As too the whyte, and lately lymed house
The doues do flock in hope of better fare,
And leaue their home of culuers cleane and bare.
Turberville. To One that epon Surmise, &c.

Like as a gosh-auke, that in foot doth beare
A trembling culuer, hauing spide on hight
An eagle, that with plumy wings doth sheare
The subtile ayre, stouping with all his might,
The quarrey throwes to ground with full despight;
And to the battell doth herself prepare.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 7.
Whence borne on liquid wing
The sounding culter shoots; or where the hawk,
High in the beetling cliff his aery builds.

Thomson. Spring.

CULVERIN. Fr. Coulevrine; It. Colubrina; Sp. Culebrina.

A bombard, long and thin, which is now also called serpentina, from the shape of a serpent, (colubri vel serpentis). Junius.

They haue faire ordinance of brasse of all sorts, bases, faulcons, minions, sakers, culuerings.

Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. i. p. 316.

As there great culuerings for battery bent, And leuel'd all against one certaine place, Doe all attonce their thunders rage forth-rent, That makes the wals to stagger with astonishment. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. v. c. 10.

Captain Zanchy, who took in Marsey Fort and Island, found there two culverins, two sacres, and one drake. Whitelock. Memorials, an. 1648. CUMBENT, adj. Lat. Cumbens, from cumbere, to lie down. See INCUMBENT. Lying down, reclining.

Too cold the grassy mantle of the marle, In stormy winters long and dreary nights, For cumbent sheep. Dyer. The Fleece, b. i. Bishops in cumbent attitudes and cross-legged Templars admitted no grace, nor required any.

Walpole. Anecdotes, vol. iv. c. 5.

CUMBER. See COMBER. CUMULATE, v. CUMULATION. CUMULATIVE. To heap together; to pile into a heap; to collect or gather together. More usually written Accumulate, (qv.)

}

Lat. Cumulus, a heap; of unknown origin.

The defender denies any such custom; but, by the contrary, defences have severally, and without cumulation, been proponed and discussed, as in Ochiltry's process.

State Trials. Sir Robt. Spotiswood, an. 1645. As for the knowledge which is infused by instruction, that is, cumulative, not originall; as it is in waters, which besides the head-springs, are increased by the reception of other rivers that fall into them.

Bacon. On Learning, by G.Wats, b. iii. c. 1.

Though the tongue spoke not, yet did his thoughts discourse, and had leisure afforded them to contemplate, part by part, all the extremes of worth and beauty, that were cumulated in Camilla.-Shelton. Don Quixote, c. 6.

They said, according to a distinction much used among them, that the king's power of calling synods and assemblies was cumulative, and not privative; that is, he might call them if he would; and appoint time and place. Burnet. Own Time, an. 1692. CUNCTATION. Lat. Cunct- ari, atum, CUNCTA'TOR. Sto tarry, to delay. From Cunctus, (i. e. conjunctus,) all together, is cunctari, which properly denotes cuncta aggredi, sive per cuncta ire; but because it is not possible to do so without length of time; hence cunctari came to signify morari-

To take time, to tarry, to delay, (Vossius.) The swiftest animal conjoyned with that heavy body, implying that common moral, festina lente, and that celerity should alwayes be contempered with cunctation.

As we ben clerkes yenowen. cunnyng in schole. Piers Plouhman. Crede. And eschewe thou foltische questiouns and withouten kunnynge witynge that tho gendren chidynges.

Wiclif. 2 Tymo, c. 2. Wherefore these articles of belefe, and all other bothe of the olde lawe and of the newe, which after the commaundment of God any man oughte to beleue, I beleue verely in

my soule, as synnefull deedly wretche, of my cunnynge and power ought to beleue, prayenge the Lord God, for his holye name, for to encrease my belete, and help my unbelefe. State Trials. Wm. Thorpe, an. 1407.

If I in fine may force
hir pittie by my plaint:

I shall in cunningste verse I may
hir worthie prayse depaint.

Turberville. The Louer declareth how first he was taken, &c.