BOOK I.
CH. IV.

$ 60. Influences operative on

5. Still it does not follow that we shall quite lose sight of the several influences which have been enumerated. When the several original tendencies the character. of character are examined, it will be found that they harmonise with, and are more or less open to, some of these influences rather than others, so that they are promoted and fixed by exposure to them, while they are lessened by their contraries; which gives rise to conflicts in the one case, to one-sided developments in the other. Thus, for instance, a vigorous bodily and muscular organisation will combine with an energetic, reactive, cerebral tendency to make a great sportsman, explorer, or campaigner; if the cerebral tendency is sluggish, this bodily organisation will lead to no intellectual results at all, but will be even dangerous to the moral life. The particular affinities, however, between tendencies and influences must be left to be noticed, so far as it is possible to notice them at all, till the tendencies themselves are examined. There is also farther to be taken into account the modification of these influences themselves by the character; the changes effected in them by the person himself, in consequence of his perceiving their nature and results, and taking measures to avoid them if injurious, and to increase them if favourable. Whatever is voluntary, or even partly the effect of volition, must to that extent be set down to the score of character; as for instance in changing scene and climate for the sake of health; the choice made will depend partly upon the character, partly upon the circumstances, and the results upon health and future mental development will be due to both together.

§ 61. 1. We come now to the analysis of the

original tendencies of the character itself. Here it is necessary to go back to the most fundamental distinctions of all that are to be found in consciousness; for these alone can give us the great divisions to which others are subordinate. Accordingly, I find the first great division of characters founded in the distinction of the formal and material elements. If the formal element is that which is fixed on and redintegrated with the greatest pleasure and frequency, the character is intellectual; if the material, it is emotional. But how can these elements ever be separated from each other? It is not requisite that they should ever be completely separated. Every emotion must have some framework of representation, and this contains necessarily the formal element, time or time and space together; while if this framework is taken. alone, and the time and space relations of its parts made the objects of interest, it will still have an emotional element, namely, emotions of wonder and curiosity, the desire of knowledge for its own sake, with their pleasure, that of gratifying the logical instinct. (§ 19, 2.) These may be called properly the intellectual emotions. The intellectual character, therefore, aims at exactness of measurement, of coordinate or subordinate arrangement of measured parts, at anticipation of relations between parts of its framework of representation. Completeness and precision are the qualities which are the objective aspect of its emotions, wonder and the logical instinct, when satisfied. Briefly stated, the framework itself is the object of interest to the intellectual character. The emotional character, on the other hand, finds the framework in itself indifferent; all its interest is concentrated on the emotions which pervade

BOOK I.
CH. IV.

§ 61. The emotional

and intellectual tendencies.

Book I.
CH. IV.

§ 61.

and intellectual tendencies.

the framework; these it holds fast, and accepts the represented objects which contain them as their conThe emotional dition. It cares not for definition, nor to enquire what frameworks will be those which contain its favourite emotions. Having these, such questions it rejects as merely speculative and useless. It clings, therefore, to those images which have been most frequently bound up with its emotions, and listens. with distrust and dislike to proofs that these frameworks are inconsistent with other parts of knowledge, or contradictory in themselves. The only

contradictions which it knows are those between incompatible emotions. Hence the power which emotions have of spreading over and pervading objects which, in themselves or as frameworks only, are of the most opposite character to that of the frameworks proper to the emotions. For instance, the command "Love your enemies" is often actually obeyed. The emotion of love spreads over and pervades those objects which are originally the objects of hate, whereby these objects cease to be regarded as enemies, and become the objects of a modification of love, not the same or so intense as that which is felt for old friends, but still a kind of love and not a kind of hate. Objects of the intellect alone, on the other hand, representations the emotion of which is already fixed as the logical instinct or desire of knowledge, these cannot be made the object or framework of love; for they are already fixed, and abstraction made of all emotion but the intellectual; and this is their esThe gulf between the intellectual and emotional characters, therefore, is deeper than that between even the most contrary emotions, or tendencies within the bounds of the emotional character.

sence.

BOOK I.

CH. IV.

$61.

and intellectual tendencies.

2. If we try to conceive what are the conditions of cerebral activity and organisation which we must suppose to underlie this separation between the in- The emotional tellectual and emotional tendencies, I think we must conceive them as twofold; first there must be a local separation more or less complete, between the parts of the organ appropriated respectively to the two tendencies; and secondly, the nerve movements which underlie the emotional element must be distinguishable from those which underlie the intellectual or

reasoning element. We may picture to ourselves the emotions depending on movements arising from centres of their own, when the portion of brain containing such a centre is set in motion by a representation from below, and thence spreading into other portions, or being repressed by antagonistic emotional movements which have themselves arisen in a similar manner. The intellectual emotions, or modes of logical instinct, will arise in the same way, but will be confined to the local portion of the brain appropriated to the intellectual functions, within which they will also spread, and assist or repress each other, as the process of redintegration requires. In both cases, and in both portions of the cerebrum, the emotions and emotional nerve movements will form a bond linking the representations together, and a passage connecting them dynamically or in redintegration. But, since the intellectual processes aim at distinctness and coordination of parts of the framework in time and space relations, the subordinate divisions of the intellectual tendency will be given, not by the emotion, but by some characteristic of the framework; and the local subdivisions of its organ, if any such can be discovered, will be dis

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$ 61.

and intellectual tendencies.

tinguishable by their being devoted to those kinds of representational objects, and will receive their names The emotional from them. The contrary will be the case with the emotional part of the organ; emotions and not frameworks of emotion will furnish the distinctions in psychological analysis, and determine the names of the subordinate organs, if locally distinguishable. If this or any similar physiological view is accepted, it would furnish an additional argument for originally diverse tendencies in the character itself; since both its distinctions, that is, of movements and of localities, must be given in the original organisation of the cerebrum; and if so, it is difficult to suppose any two cerebral organs exactly alike in this respect.

$ 62.

The active

dispositions.

§ 62. 1. The distinction just drawn between the and sluggish intellectual and emotional tendencies rests upon the statical view of the phenomena. The following distinction rests upon the dynamical view of them, and is applicable equally to both branches of the first distinction. Every character has its own degree of natural activity or quickness in redintegration; in spontaneous redintegration the two extremes may properly be called quickness and slowness of disposition; in voluntary redintegration the same dispositions appear as inventiveness and precision in reasoning on the one hand, and on the other as immoveability from already grasped principles, whether of emotion or thought, which may appear either as laudable firmness or as feeble obstinacy. True firmness, however, belongs to a disposition not slow but active in reasoning, which remains steadfast to its purpose only after having gone through all the possible objections or trains of reasoning which might invalidate it. The mind that is active in reasoning