5. Compare carefully Kant's treatment of Freedom with Spinoza's.

6. Summarise and locate the teaching of Spinoza as to the relations between the mind and the body. Connect it with the cardinal principles of his system. Estimate in a few words its ethical significance or non-significance.

7. Develop in the way Kant does his forms of the Supreme Practical Principle, and discuss critically the validity and value of his distinctions.

8. What facts do Kant's ethical theories leave unexplained or imperfectly explained? Where are these facts better explained? 9. State carefully Hume's ethical standard. How did he come at it? How would you describe his system, and why?

10. Try to group systematically the questions discussed by ethical writers in England, after Hobbes down to J. S. Mill's immediate predecessors, and the answers they gave to these questions. Which of these questions was the most important, and why so?

11. It has been said that an Ethic begins only in a Society. What do Institutionists say to this? What can they say?

12. What use has been made in ethical philosophy of the distinction between Determinate and Indeterminate obligation?

13. Show how in various ancient and modern ethical theories, Ethical has been closely connected with Political Philosophy. Remark critically on the connection, stating whether you regard it as desirable or undesirable, giving your reasons.

MORAL PHILOSOPHY.

Fourth Paper.

1. In what relation did the philosophy of Empedocles stand (1) to that of Parmenides and (2) to that of Heraclitus?

2. Trace any of the relations which connect the system of the Eleatics with that of Plato, and show how the root principle of the system survived in that of Spinoza and of Schelling.

3. Compare the Aufklärung of Greece with that of the French encyclopedists, especially in the results to which each gave rise. 4. Explain the origin, the characteristic features, and the outcome of the ideal theory of Plato.

5. Give a detailed analysis of the teaching of the 'Theætetus.' 6. Write a brief expository and critical note on (1) Diogenes of Apollonia, (2) Epicharmus, (3) Xenophanes, (4) Prodicus, (5) Protagoras, (6) Theophrastus, (7) Plotinus.

7. Give an outline of the teaching of the 'Republic,' mentioning the subject-matter of the several books, and estimating the whole treatise structurally.

8. What fundamental ethical ideas are embodied in the teaching of the 'Republic'?

9. Explain the relation in which the psychology of Plato stands to his ethics, as that is seen in the 'Republic.'

10. Select any one of the Books of the 'Republic,' summarise it, and say how far its conclusions have stood the test of time. 11. Compare Plato's definition of dikαloσúvn with that of Aristotle.

12. What is the subject-matter of the eighth and ninth Books of the Nicomachean Ethics? Is its discussion of the problems raised satisfactory? If so, state how far it is satisfactory? and if not, why not?

13. What is the teaching of Aristotle as to Pleasure? Compare it with that of Eudoxus and of Plato. Show its truth and its limitations.

14. How do you account for the influence of Aristotle in the period of medievalism, and for the hold which the Nicomachean Ethics has taken of English ethical thought?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR

DEGREE OF B.D.

THEOLOGY.

APRIL 1891.

1. Give a teleological argument for a good and wise Creator, and estimate its validity.

2. What is Pantheism? Explain specially Spinoza's form of it. 3. Explain the belief of the Materialist, and what can be said for and against it.

4. State the arguments which have been urged against the infinite goodness of God, and the answers which may be given to them.

5. Construct an argument for Christianity from the life and letters of St Paul.

6. State the mythical theory of Strauss, and say if it is a reasonable explanation of the miraculous narratives.

7. What service did Jerome render to Biblical literature, and what was his catalogue of the sacred books?

8. What determination did the Council of Trent come to regarding the canon?

9. Explain the Docetic, the Apollinarian, the Nestorian, and the Eutychian heresies with reference to the personality of Christ. (Let the students of the Established and Free Churches show how the answers to the questions in the Shorter Catechism, Who is the Redeemer of God's elect? and, How did Christ, being the Son of God, become man? refer to them.)

10. Give a short account of the Council of Nicæa, and state its decision in regard to the relationship of the Father and the Son. 11. Mention the points of difference between Arminianism and Calvinism.

12. State shortly the origin and leading doctrines of either the XXXIX. Articles or the Westminster Confession.

BIBLICAL CRITICISM.

APRIL 1891.

I. SYNOPTIC GOSPELS.

1. Translate carefully Mark i. 32-34; ii. 18-20; iv. 24, 25. State with regard to each passage what is its place and significance in Mark's narrative, and compare the parallels as to position and contents.

2. Explain the following terms: τελώνιον, ἐπίβλημα, ῥάκους ἀγνάφου, Σατανᾶς, δαιμόνιον, γραμματεῖς, ἐξορύξαντες, πεπλήρωται δ καιρός, πρωὶ ἔννυχα λίαν, Δεκάπολις.

3. How do the Synoptics agree, and how do they differ from each other, in narrative sections? State at least two theories which seek to account for this.

4. Mark has no Sermon on the Mount, and Luke varies materially from Matthew in that discourse. How are these phenomena to be explained?

II. PAULINISM.

1. Exhibit in parallel columns the history of Paul's life as given (1) by himself in Galatians and (2) in Acts. State wherein the two accounts agree or differ, and give your view of their relation to each other.

2. Was the Epistle to the Romans written with any immediate object, and if so, with what object? Tabulate the contents of the Epistle.

3. Which are the Epistles of the Captivity? Discuss the genuineness of one of them.

4. State, referring to passages, Paul's view of the relation of Christians to the law, and of the function of the law in the divine economy.

III. TEXTUAL CRITICISM.

1. Explain the terms-Ammonian canons, σTxoí, cursive, lectionary, conflate reading, group, western, pre-Syrian, neutral. 2. Describe the form and arrangement of a book in the early centuries; and mention the principal causes of textual corruption involved in this.

3. Name the various kinds of evidence for the text of the New Testament. What evidence is prior to A.D. 400?

4. Name the principal printed editions of the Greek Testament, and mention what makes each of them important for the history of criticism.

IV. IGNATIAN EPISTLES.

1. Translate and explain Ephes. v., Trall. ii., Magn. ix.

2. Briefly state the story of Ignatius as it appears in these Epistles.

3. What are the different forms in which the Epistles have reached us, and which do you consider the most original?

I. SCRIPTURE HISTORY.

(At least three questions to be answered.)

1. State what you know of Joshua, Jehoshaphat, Josiah, John Baptist, John the Apostle, and James his brother.

2. Mention at least one historical event in the Old Testament, and one in the New, connected with each of the following places: Joppa, Jerusalem, Jericho, Tyre, Samaria, Mount Tabor.

3. Describe one of the three great annual festivals of the Jews. 4. Mention the chief incidents in Paul's third missionary tour.

II. HISTORY OF FOURTH AND FIFTH CENTURIES.

(Three questions at least to be answered.)

1. Give a brief account of the emperors Constantine the Great and his son Constantius, and of the part they took in these con

troversies; also of Eusebius of Cæsarea, Athanasius, Gregory, Nazianzus, Cyril of Jerusalem, and of the parts taken by them severally.

2. Give a similar account of the opinions of Arius, Macedonius, Apollinaris, Nestorius, and Eutyches.

3. Mention when and where the errors of these men were condemned by the Church, and give as accurately as you can the form of words in which the faith of the Church was expressed on each of the Articles controverted by them.

4. Give the names of the emperors who summoned the Councils of Constantinople, Ephesus, and Chalcedon.

III. REFORMATION OF SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

(At least four questions to be answered.)

1. State and explain shortly the distinctive principles of the Reformation.

2. Give a succinct account of Popes Leo X., Adrian VI., and Clement VII.; and of Cardinals Campeggio, Wolsey, and Beaton; or of Charles V. of Germany, Francis I. of France, Henry VIII. of England, and James V. of Scotland.

3. Give a similar account of Luther and Melanchthon, Zwingli, Beza, and Knox; or Erasmus, Reuchlin, Sir T. More, Dean Colet, and George Buchanan.

4. Give a summary of the teaching of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinistic Churches, as to the rule of faith, and the nature and number of the sacraments.

5. Give the dates of the chief incidents in Luther's history, and an account of the preparation and first publication of his New Testament.

HEBREW AND SYRIAC.

APRIL 1891.

1. Translate into English, Ezek. chap. xv.

2. Parse fully all the words in ver. 5 and all the verbs in ver. 7. 3. Translate into Hebrew, St John's Gospel, chap. xvii., vv. 11-16.

4. Translate Isaiah, chap. xlvi., with short notes explanatory of rare or difficult words or constructions.

5. Translate chap. lxi., giving a concise exegesis of vv. 1-3.

6. Comment briefly upon the character, functions, and person