tin; and since his death all his works, except his Select Lives, have been printed in one volume in folio. He died on July 14, 1099, in the 74th year of his age.

Dr. Bates was well acquainted not only with theology, but with poetry and the belles lettres: his style has been much and justly praised for its elegance; being charming and harmonious, it has obtained for the doctor the appellation of the silver-tongued Bates.

BAT-FOWLING, a night sport to catch all sorts of birds, both great and small, that roost not only on the ground, but on shrubs, bushes, hawthorn trees, and the like places, and is therefore proper for woody, rough, and bushy places.

The depth of winter is the best season for this sport, and the darker the night and the colder the weather, the more certain the suc

cess.

Bat-fowling may be performed either with nets or without.

If without nets, and supposing the company to be twelve or fifteen, one-third part of the number should carry poles, to which should be bound at the top little bundles of dry wisps of hay or straw, (or instead of them, pieces of links, or hurds dipt in pitch, resin, or the like, that will blaze) another third part are to attend upon those fires with long poles, rough and bushy at the upper ends, to knock down the birds that fly about the lights: and the other third part must have long poles to beat the bushes, and other places, to make the birds fly about the lights, which they will always do when disturbed, and will not part from them, so that they may be knocked down very easily, and produce good diversion for dark nights.

One of the company should also carry a candle and lanthorn, that if all the lights hap pen to be extinguished they may be lighted again; during which time, more especially, you should be sure to observe the strictest s lence possible.

BAT-FOWLING, with nets, is performed as follows: let two or three persons carry lanthorns and lighted candles, extended in one hand (such as are used in Low BELLING, which see) and in the other hand small nets, something like a racket, but less, which must be fixed at the end of a long pole, to beat down the birds as they sit at roost; they being surprised at the great blazing light will sit still till they are knocked down.

A cross-bow is very useful in this sport, to shoot them as they sit. See BIRD-CATCH

ING.

BATGAIR, in geography, a city of Hindoostan, situate in an extensive plain of the kingdom of Nepal. It contains about 12,000 families. Lat. 28 N. Lon. 85. 12 E.

BATH. 8. (bað, Saxon.) 1. A bath is either of hot or cold water, either of art or nature (Quincy), 2. Outward heat, applied to the body (Shak.) 3. A vessel of hot water, in which another is placed that requires a softer heat than the naked fire (Quincy).

BATH, in chemistry. See BALNEUM.

BATH, a city of Somersetshire in England, seated in lon. 2. 22 W. Lat. 51. 23 N. All the different names that this city has borne in different ages and languages have been taken from its medicinal waters, as the udara Sequare, or hot waters, of Ptolemy; the Aqua Solis, or waters of the sun, of Antoninus; the Caer Baden, and Caer Ennant, i. e. the city of baths, and the city of ointment, of the Britons; and the Ackmanchester, i. e. the city of valetudinarians, of the Saxons. The baths consist of the king's bath, the queen's bath, the cross-bath, the hot bath, the leper's bath, and the duke of Kingston's bath. This place was of old a resort only for cripples and dis eased persons; but now it is more frequented by the sound for pleasure than by the sick for health. The manners of the place, and the motives of those who visit it, have been most ludicrously described in the celebrated poem intitled The New Bath Guide. With regard to the medicinal properties of the water, these have been set forth in a vast number of successive publications by different physicians, who have adopted that mode of recommending themselves and the remedy at the same time. Indeed the reputation of these waters now stands so high, that Bath is become the principal resort, next to the metropolis, for the nobility and gentry, and the constant residence of many opulent invalids, as well as of numerous votaries of dissipation. In splendour and elegance of buildings it exceeds every town in England : they are constructed of white stone, and many of them are quite open to the country. The principal seasons for the waters are spring and autumn. The poor who come here to drink the waters may be received into a magnificent hospital. Bath is stated on the Avon, which has been made navigable thence to Bristol. Bath is joined with Wells to form a bishopric, called the diocese of Bath and Wells. The bishop's seat is at Wells, whose cathedrał church was built by Ina, king of the West Saxons in 704, and by him dedicated to St. Andrew. Several other of the West Saxon kings endowed it, and it was erected into a bishopric in 905, during the reign of king Edward the Elder. Bath contains 32,200 inhabitants.

Bath water. Chemical analysis shows that it contains a good deal of calcareous salts, which render it hard and unfit for domestic purposes; that it holds in solution but little, if any, neutral alkaline salts, and therefore is scarcely saline; that it is in a very slight degree impreg nated with carbonic acid; in a still slighter with iron, and, as it should appear, only when hot from the spring; and that it holds suspended a small portion of siliceous earth.

Hence, from the trivial powers that the most industrious chenical analysis has been able to detect in Bath water, and the active and decided advantages which are found to result from its use in a variety of diseases, there can be no doubt that it possesses an energy which we are yet incapable of tracing, either from the peculiar mode in which the detected ele

ments are combined in it by nature; or, more probably, from its possession of certain gases which no analysis has yet been able to detect. The diseases for which these celebrated waters are resorted to are very numerous; in most of them the bath is used along with the waters as an internal medicine. The general indications for the use of this medicinal water are in cases where a gentle stimulus is required. The cases to which it is more particularly suited are mostly of the chronic kind. This water is recommended in chlorosis, in complicated diseases brought on by a long residence in hot climates, affecting the secretion of the bile, the functions of the stomach and alimentary canal in dyspepsia from a long course of high and intemperate living; in jaundice, gout, Theumatism unattended with inflammation, and several other disorders which give rise to many varieties of paralysis.

For an interesting and elaborate paper containing an analysis of the hot springs at Bath by Mr. Richard Phillips, see No. 96. of the Philosophical Magazine. Consult also No. 58. of the new series of the Phil. Journal. BATH (Knights of the), a military order in England, instituted by Richard II. who ordained that there should be no more than four; however, his successor Henry IV. increased them to forty-six. Their motto was, Tres in o, signifying the three theological virtues. It was the custom to bathe before they received the golden spurs; but this was only observed at first, being afterwards gradually dropt: however, it was this occasioned the denomination of knights of the bath.

The order of knight of the bath is scarcely ever conferred but at the coronation of kings, or the inauguration of a prince of Wales, or duke of York. They wear a red ribband beltwise; to which is affixed the badge of the order, viz. a sceptre, rose, thistle, and three imperial crowns joined within a circle; upon which circle is the motto in pure gold. Each knight wears a silver star of eight points upon the left breast of his upper garment.

Camden and others say, Henry IV. was the institutor in 1399, and upon this occasion; that prince, being in the bath, was told by some night, that two widows came to demand justice of him, when his majesty, leaping out of the bath, cried, "He ought to prefer doing justice to his subjects to the pleasure of the bath;" and thereupon created knights of the bath.

BATB, in Hebrew antiquity, a measure of capacity, containing the tenth part of an omar, or seven gallons and four pints, as a measure for liquid things; or three pecks and three pints, as a measure for dry goods.

BATH-KOL, the daughter of a voice. So the Jews call one of their oracles, which is frequently mentioned in their books, especially the Talmud; being a fantastical way of divimation, called by them a revelation from God's will, which he made to his chosen people, after all verbal prophecies had ceased in Israel. It was, in fact, a method of divination similar to the sortes Virgiliana of the Heathens. For

as, with them, the first words they happened to dip into, in the works of that poet, were a kind of oracle whereby they predicted future events; so, with the Jews, when they appealed to Bath-kol, the first words they heard from any man's mouth were looked upon as a voice from heaven, directing them in the matter they inquired about. Similar superstitious customs have prevailed in different modern nations; and appears from the history of England, that our countrymen have not been entirely free from them.

BATHS, BALNEA, in architecture, denote large pompous buildings among the ancients, erected for the sake of bathing. Baths made a part of the ancient gymnasia, though they were frequented more for the sake of pleasure than health.

The Greek baths were usually annexed to palestræ or gymnasia, of which they were considered as a part. These baths consisted of seven different apartments, usually separated from each other, and intermixed with other buildings belonging to the other sorts of exercises. These were, first, the cold bath, frigida lavatio; secondly, the elæothesium, or room where they were anointed with oil; thirdly, the frigidarium, or cooling room; fourthly, the propnigeum, or entrance of the hypocaustum, or stove; fifthly, the vaulted room for sweating in, or vapour bath, called concamerata sudatio, or tepidarium; sixthly, the laconicum, or dry stove; seventhly, the hot baths, called callida lavatio. Potter, Archæol, Gr. lib. iv. c. 19.

In the Roman baths, the first part that арpeared was a large bason, called xenofa Greek, and natatio or piscina in Latin. In the middle was the hypocaustum, which had a row of four apartments on each side, called balneuria: these were the stove, the bath, cold bath, and tepidarium. The two stoves, called laconicum and tepidarium, were circular and joined together. Their floor was hollow and suspended, in order to receive the heat of a large furnace, which was communicated to the stoves through the vacuities of their floor. This furnace also heated another room called vasarium, in which were three large brazen vessels called milliaria, respectively containing hot, warm, and cold water; which were so disposed, that the water might be made to pass by syphons and pipes out of one or other of them into the bath, in order to adjust its temperature. The description is given by Vitruvius. At three in the afternoon, which is what Pliny calls hora octava et nona, the Romans all repaired to the baths, either the public or the private ones this was called the bath hour, hora balnei, which in winter was at nine, in summer at eight. The public baths were all opened by the sound of a bell, and always at the same hour. They began with hot water, after which, as the pores were now opened, and might give room for too plentiful a perspiration, they thought it necessary for their health to close them again, either with the cold bath, or at least with a sprink

ling of cold water. During the bath, the body was scraped with a kind of knives, or small strigils, such as are still found in the cabinets of the curious. After bathing, succeeded unction and perfuming, from which they went fresh to supper.

The most celebrated Roman baths were those of Agrippa, of Nero, of Caracalla, and those of Dioclesian. These latter employed 140,000 men many years in building them; and were so capacious that more than 2000 persons might bathe in them conveniently at the same time. The remains of these constitute one of the greatest beauties of modern Rome.

To BATHE. v. a. (baðian, Saxon.) 1. To wash, as in a bath (South). 2. To supple or soften by the outward application of warm liquors (Dryden). 3. To wash any thing (Dryden).

To BATHE. v. n. To be in the water (Waller).

BATH and BATHING. Bath, in the general acceptation of the term, signifies a convenient receptacle of water adapted to the various purposes of washing or cleansing, and bracing the body.

Baths may be divided into cold, warm, and hot and these again into natural and artificial.

In order to treat this interesting subject systematically, we shall consider it according to the division above mentioned.

Cold Baths are those of a temperature vary ing from the 33d to the 66th degree of Fahrenheit's thermometer. The general properties of the cold bath consist in its power of contracting the animal fibres, while it dissipates the caloric (or matter of heat) that exists between their interstices, and thus effects a greater approximation of the particles, which were before dilated and relaxed by heat. That such is the natural influence of cold cannot be doubted; and hence this species of bath, by its powerful action on the whole system, is one of the most important medicinal remedies presented by the hand, and, as it were, supplied by the very bosom of nature.

Even in the most remote times cold bathing was resorted to, with obvious advantage, by nervous and debilitated persons; but in the dark or middle ages, this genuine source of health was totally neglected, till the good sense of Europeans again adopted it as a general restorative, when the prevailing diseases of reJaxation and atony rendered the use of such a remedy inestimable.

In many cases of convalescent or valetudinary health, cold bathing is of inestimable advantage, especially on recovery from fevers of all kinds, while the system is labouring under the last stages of the debility hereby induced; in cases of nervous, hysteric, hypochondriacal and paralytic affections, in a temperament in other respects robust and healthy; and in all local atonies produced by sprains, or other injuries whether external or internal. It should not, however, be resorted to, 1. In a full ha

bit of body, or what is called general plethora, on account of the frequent febrile disposition attending such individuals; 2. In hemorrhages, open wounds or ulcers, and every kind of inflammation, whether external or internal; 3. In obstructions of the intestines, or habitual costiveness; 4. In affections of the breast and lungs, such as difficult respiration, short and dry coughs, &c. 5. When the whole mass of the fluids appears to be vitiated, or tainted with a peculiar acrimony, which cannot be easily defined, but is obvious from a sallow colour of the face, slow healing of the flesh when cut or bruised, and from a scorbutic tendency of the whole body. 6. In gouty and rheumatic paroxysms: here, however, it is doubtful. It has of late been repeatedly recommended as a topical application, though seldom, we believe, as a general application; yet sir J. Floyer asserts, that Podagries sometimes have kept their fits off with it;" 7. In cutaneous eruptions, which tend to promote a critical discharge of humours by the pores (yet the celebrated physician just mentioned informs us, that great cures have been effected in the leprosy, by bathing in what he calls" cold sulphur water.") 8. During pregnancy; and, 9. In a distorted or deformed state of the body, except in particular cases to be ascertained by professional men.

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In using the cold bath, it is well worth observation, that there is no truth in the vulgar opinion that it is safer to enter the water when the body is cool, and that persons heated by exercise, and beginning to perspire, should wait till they are perfectly cooled. By plung ing into it, in this state, an alarming and dangerous chilness is frequently felt, and the injury sustained is generally ascribed to plunging into the bath too warm; while it doubtless arises from the opposite extreme. Dr. J. Currie, of Liverpool, in his valuable Treatise on the Effects of Water in Fevers, asserts, with equal truth and precision, that "In the earlier stages of exercise, before profuse perspiration has dissipated the heat, and fatigue debilitated the living power, nothing is more safe, according to my experience, than the cold bath. This is so true, that I have, for some years, constantly directed infirm persons to use such a degree of exercise, before immersion, as may produce some increased action of the vascular system, with some increase of heat, and thus secure a force of re-action under the shock, which otherwise might not always take place. But, though it be perfectly safe to go into the cold bath in the carlier stages of exercise, nothing is more dangerous than this practice, after exercise has produced profuse perspiration, and terminated in languor and fatigue; because in such circum-, stances the heat is not only sinking rapidly, but the system parts more easily with the portion that remains." In short, it is a rule liable to no exception, that moderate exercise ought always to precede cold bathing, to promote the re-action of all the vessels and muscles on entering the water; for neither

previous rest, nor exercise to a violent degree, are proper on this occasion.

The duration of every cold bathing applied to the whole body ought however to be short, and must be determined by the bodily constitution, and the sensations of the individual; for healthy persons may continue much longer in it than valetudinarians; and both will be influenced by the temperature of the air, so that in summer they can enjoy it for an hour, when, in spring or autumn, one or two minutes may be sufficient. Under similar circumstances, cold water acts on aged and lean persons with more violence than on the young and corpulent: hence the former, even in the hottest days of summer, can seldom with safety remain in the bath longer than a quarter of an hour; while the latter are generally able to sustain its impressions for double that time.

The head should first come in contact with the water, either by immersion, by being showered upon, or by covering it for a minute with a wet cloth, and then diving head foremost into the water.

As the immersion will be less felt when it is effected suddenly, and as it is of consequence that the first impression should be uniform over the body, we ought not to enter the bath slowly or timorously, but with a degree of boldness. A contrary method in some constitutions is dangerous; as it propels the blood from the lower to the upper parts of the body, and thus predisposes to a fit of apoplexy. For these reasons, the shower bath is attended with considerable advantages, because it transmits the water quickly over the whole body; and, consequently, is more consistent with the rules before mentioned.

:

The morning is the most proper time for using the cold bath, unless it be in a river; in which case the afternoon, or from one to two hours before sun-set, will be more eligible; as the water has then acquired additional warmth from the rays of the sun, and the immersion will not interfere with digestion on the whole, one hour after a light breakfast,-or two hours before, or four hours after dinner, are the best periods of the day for this purpose. While the bather is in the water he should not remain inactive, but apply brisk general friction, and move his arms and legs, to promote the circulation of the fluids from the heart to the extremities. It would, therefore, be extremely imprudent to continue in the water till a second chilness attacks the body; a circumstance which would not only defeat the whole purpose intended, but might at the same time be productive of the most injurious

effects.

Immediately after the bather leaves the bath, it will be necessary for him, with the assistance of another person for dispatch, to wipe and dry his body with a coarse and clean cloth. He should not afterwards sit inactive, or enter a carriage, unless warmly clothed and wearing flannel next the skin: if season and circumstances permit, it will be more proper, and highly beneficial, to take gentle exercise till

the equilibrium of the circulation be restored, and the vessels, as well as the muscles, have acquired a due degree of re-action.

The best place for cold bathing is in the invigorating water of the sea, or a clear river; and where neither of these can be conveniently resorted to we recommend the shower bath. The effects of this last are more powerful than the common bath, since though it cover the surface of the body less uniformly, yet the intermediate parts, which the water has not touched, receive an electric and sympathetic impression, in a degree similar to those brought into actual contact. As every drop of water from the shower bath, moreover, operates as a partial cold bath, its vivifying shock to robust individuals is more extensive and beneficial than from any other method of bathing.

Warm or Tepid Baths are such as have a temperature above the 76th, and not exeecding the 96th or 98th degree of the thermometer before mentioned." There are various springs in Britain, especially those of Bath, Clifton, Buxton, and Matlock, to which Nature has given this temperature, the most beneficial to the human body. And whether the tepid bath of this description be natural or artificial, it is equally conducive to the restoration of energy, though its effects have, till lately, been little understood. Physicians, as well as patients, have hitherto been too generally accustomed to consider a warm bath as weakening the body, and useful only for the removal of cutaneous diseases. Experience, however, has amply proved that there can be no safer and efficacious remedy in a variety of chronic or inveterate complaints than the warin bath, if properly used, and continued for a sufficient length of time. Dr. Marcard, resident physician of Pyrmont, has satisfactorily demonstrated, that the warm bath, in many cases of debility, from spasms, pain, anxiety, and other causes, as well as in hectic and atonic affections, is generally of eminent service, and almost the only mean of restoring health and prolonging life. Instead of heating the human body, as has erroneously been asserted, the warm bath has a cooling effect, inasmuch as it obviously abates the quickness of the pulse, and reduces the pulsations in a remarkable degree, according to the length of time the patient continues in the water. After the body has been over-heated by fatigue from travelling or other violent exercise, and likewise after great exertion or perturbation of mind, a tepid bath is excellently calculated to invigorate the whole system, while it allays those tempestuous and irregular motions, which otherwise prey upon, and at length reduce, the constitution to a sick-bed. Its softening and assuasive power greatly tends to promote the growth of the body; on which account it is peculiarly adapted to the state of such youth as manifest a premature disposition to arrive at a settled stature and it has uniformly been observed to produce this singular effect in all climates.

The warm bath is of very great utility also