mountain, which supplied Puzzoli with water from Serino, about 40 miles distant from it.

24. View of Puzzoli.

Many accounts have been published of this ancient city, one of the best of which, by Scipione Mazzella, was printed at Naples in 1594. The soil on which the town stands is a tufa like that of Pausilippɔ,

The ancient magnificence of Puzzoli was such as to be called by Cicero, a little Rome. According to Pliny, L. C. Sylla retired to pass the latter part of his life in this city. It was here, that St. Paul preached first on his arrival by sea from Reggio.

25. View of the Solfaterra.

The Solfaterra is the crater of an ancient volcano called

by Strabo Forum Vulcani. It is of an oval shape, in length about 1500 feet, and about 1000 feet wide. The latest eruption of this volcano was in the year 1198, in the reign of Frederic II. A stratum of volcanic matter, which probably was thrown out at that time, is discernible over the ruins of the Temple of Serapis, near Puzzoli. The rain waters seem to have formed a lake under the plain of the Solfaterra, which boils constantly by the remains of volcanic fire still deeper, and the hot vapour of this water issues constantly with violence in many parts. The water that produces this vapour is the same that forms the hot spring of the Pisciarelli.

By mixing the earth of this plain with the water of the Pisciarelli in leaden cauldrons, heated merely by the vol canic fire of the spot on which they are placed, alum is produced. Sal ammoniac is formed on tiles placed for that purpose. Pure sulphur is likewise produced here, and a mixture of arsenic and sulphur crystallized, of a beautiful red colour, which they call cinnabar. About 273 quintals of sulphur, nearly 2 quintals of sal ammoniac, and 37 quin

tals of alum, are sold from hence annually, and with proper attention this curious spot might turn to a much greater

account.

26. View taken near Puzzoli.

This view was taken from the spot near Puzzoli, on which anciently was Cicero's Villa, called the Academia. There are still some remains of the famous Portico. Pliny (Lib. 31. c. 1.) describes exactly the situation of this Villa. Adrian, who died at Baia, was buried in Cicero's Villa, and Antoninus built a temple near his sepulchre. Cicero, in his Letters to Atticus, mentions the Horti Cluviani, Piliani, and Lentulani, as being in this neighbourhood.

27. View taken from the Bottom of the Crater of Monte Nuovo.

This mountain, near Puzzoli, was formed in the short space of 48 hours, in the year 1538. It is composed partly of a light yellow-coloured tufa, like that through which the Grotto of Pausilippo is cut, but not of so hard a nature, and partly of loose volcanic matter, which perfectly corresponds with the curious account of the formation of this mountain. This tufa was formed by water having mixed with the volcanic cinders at the time of the eruption; which naturally accounts also for the formation of all the tufas in the neighbourhood of this mountain.

Near the surface is a thin stratum of lava, which, according to the account of the formation of this mountain was thrown up from the bottom of the crater, where it had been seen to boil as in a cauldron, and destroyed about 20 people, whose curiosity had led them to look into the crater, a day or two after the birth of this mountain.

Sir William Hamilton presented two very rare books bound together, to the British Museum, containing good

accounts of the phenomena that attended the explosion, which formed the Monte Nuovo, and were published a few months after that event. The title of the first is Dell' Incendio di Pozzuolo, Marco Antonio delli Falconi all Illustrissima Signora Marchesa della Paoula nel 1538. At the head of the second is, Ragionamento del Terremoto del Nuovo Monte, dell' Aprimento di Terra in Pozzuolo nell Anno 1538, e della significazione d'essi per Pietro Giacomo de Toledo. Naples, 1539.

28. View from the top of Monte Gaury or Barbaro into its Crater.

At the bottom of this crater there is a rich and fertile plain, about four miles in circumference. There can be no doubt of the volcanic origin of this mountain, so clearly pointed out by its form, and the soil of which it is composed, as also by its perfect resemblance to the Monte Nuovo.

This mountain was said to have produced the famous Falernian Wine. Pliny (lib. 4. cap. 3.) says that the Fa lernian grape transplanted to this mountain degenerated: This view embraces the mountain of CUMA, the most

This city was founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cuma of Eolia, before the Trojan War. The inhabitants were called Cumai and Cumani.

The Cumaan Sibyl was the most famous among the ten celebrated women, called Sybilla, who have been described by various classical authors as having been inspired by Heaven with the knowledge of futurity. Some have called this Sibyl by the different names of Amalthea, Demophile, Herophile, Daphne, Manto, Phemonoe, and Deiphobe, It is said that Apollo became enamoured of her, and that to make her sensible of his passion, he offered to give her whatever she should ask. The Sibyl demanded to live as many years as she had grains of sand in her hand, but unfortunately forgot to ask for the enjoyment of the health, vigour and bloom, of which she was then in possession. The god granted her request, but she refused to gratify the pas

ancient city of Italy. The soil is a tufa of the same nature as the heights about it, and is certainly a portion of a cone of a volcano. This city was famous for being the habitation of the Sybil, and for its magnificent temple, built by Dedalus. Posuitque immania Templa. (Virg. Æn. VI. 19.) There are many remains of the city, but mostly underground.

29. View of the Lake Avernus.

This lake is evidently the crater of an extinguished volcano. It has been celebrated by many ancient poets, who brought their heroes here to sacrifice to the manes, or consult the Sybil. Hercules, Ulysses, and Eneas are mentioned to have been at Avernus,*

sion of her lover, though he offered her perpetual youth and beauty. Some time after she became old and decrepit, her form decayed, and melancholy paleness and haggard looks succeeded to bloom and cheerfulness. She had already lived about 700 years, when Æneas came to Italy, and some have imagined, she had three centuries more to live before her years were as numerous as the grains of sand which she had in her hand. She gave Æneas instructions how to find his father in the infernal regions, and even conducted him to the entrance of hell. It was usual in the Sibyl to write her prophecies on leaves, which she placed at the entrance of her cave, and it required particular care in such as consulted her to take up these leaves before they were dispersed by the wind, as their meaning then became incomprehensible. S.

The waters of this lake were so unwholesome and putrid, that no birds were seen on its banks; hence its original name copros, apibus carens. The ancients made it the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers. Its circumference was five stadia, and its depth could not be ascertained. The waters of the Avernus were indispensably necessary in all enchantments and magical processes. It may also be observed that all lakes whose stagnated waters were putrid and offensive to the smell, were indiscriminately called Averna. S.

This view takes in the ruins of BAIA.* There is not a spot on the coast of Baia, or high grounds about it, but what is covered with the scattered remains of its ancient grandeur. Julius Cæsar had a villa in this neighbourhood, where Marcellus was poisoned by Livia. Hirrius, according to Varro, had a magnificent villa near Baia, and according to Tacitus, Piso's conspiracy against Nero was carried on at his villa here. The same author mentions likewise the villa of Domitia in this neighbourhood. Cicero speaks of the famous fish ponds of Domitian and Hortensius on this coast; the remains of many baths and fish ponds are still visible on a calm day, though now covered by the sea. Julia Mammæa had a house at Baia, built by Alexander Severus. Seneca mentions the villas of Cæsar, Pompey, and Marius in this neighbourhood. It was at Baia where the famous triumvirate of Cæsar, Pompey, and Antony was formed, and here Adrian died, This plate includes the ruins of the Temple of Proserpine; of Hecate, according to Virgil, or of Juno Infera, according to Ovid. Hannibal made a sacrifice here, when he came to besiege Puzzoli.

The Lake Avernus communicated with the Lucrine Lake and the famous Portus Julius.

30. View of the Island of Ischia from the Sea.

The whole Island of Ischia is composed of strata of volcanic matter. It abounds with mineral waters of different qualities and degrees of heat. In those of St. Angelo and the Calata, the quicksilver of Reaumur's thermometer rises to 70 degrees. The analysis of these waters, and many

This city was founded and received its name from Baius, one of the companions of Ulysses. It was famous for its baths and its delightful situation, but its magnificent villas have yielded to the tremendous earthquakes which afflict and convulse Italy. S.