the entire life of the Orthodox Jew there are many festive meals. The religious use of wine is considerable, therefore, but not so much in quantity as in frequency. On the night of the Passover four small glasses for each individual, although seldom used in practice, are required by custom. Otherwise, on most of the occasions one cup for a family or for every adult male is sufficient. The farewell to the Sabbath, which is given with the Habdala, is another occasion for the use of wine. Receptions and farewells, like those attending the Sabbath, are tendered most holidays, and at these and other ceremonies, such as circumcision and marriage, blessings are pronounced over wine. Some of these uses of wine go back possibly two thousand years.

At first the prayer over wine was limited to the home. In time, some of these prayers have also been introduced into synagogues, not without the opposition, however, of some of the authoritative rabbis of the age. In some cases poverty has done away with the festive meal, but the prayer over the cup of wine has persisted.

The wine used for religious purposes among the Jews is bought in the same Jewish wine stores that sell the wine for secular purposes. The rabbi has nothing to do with it.

It is not even he who

pronounces the blessings in the synagogues over the wine, but usually it is the cantor. The rabbi buys his wine in the same way and place as any other Jew.

The Rabbis and Prohibition

N the United States the Prohibition

IN

Law gave the rabbi supervision over the so-called sacramental wine. Every member of a synagogue is permitted to receive from his congregation sufficient wine for his religious use at home. The congregation is supposed to buy all the wine necessary for its members. The sexton is the man that is to distribute the wine and the rabbi is the one to supervise the distribution, so that none but members get wine. The Prohibition Law made of the rabbi and the sexton the individuals through whom a Jew may receive wine for his religious use.

The use of a substitute for wine in the several religious ceremonies requiring wine has been discussed at various times by rabbis of note. In the Talmud there is an opinion that, in the absence of wine, beer may be used in "countries

where beer is a national beverage." Whisky is a substitute that is generally looked down upon. According to Rabba, one may squeeze the juice of a bunch of grapes and recite the Kiddush. Recently Louis Ginzberg, Professor of the Talmud in the Orthodox Jewish Theological Seminary, discussed the problem of a substitute for wine. After extensive scholarly discussion, he concluded that "from the point of view of the Jewish "from the point of view of the Jewish law and custom there is no preference to be given to fermented wine over unfermented wine; both are of equal standing. . . . The custom of using unfermented wine of raisins was widely spread in northern Africa in the fourteenth century, and is prevalent in our time in Lithuania. Further, grape juice may be used for Kiddush the same as was other unfermented wine." With these views of Professor Ginzberg other rabbis disagree, but to them they have failed to reply.

Concerning prohibition Jewish opinion historically is divided. In Jewish law there are such statements as "Wine helps to open the heart to reasoning," and "Where wine is lacking medicine is necessary;" but, on the other hand, one Hebrew word is said to mean "lamentation and wailing" and another to mean "you will be poor."

Evidently the new regulations of the Prohibition Administrator are not such as to afford any occasion for remonstrance on religious grounds.

Theosophy and "World Teachers" T HE visit to this country of the young Hindu, Krishnamurti, in the company of Mrs. Annie Besant, who is International President of the Theosophical Societies, naturally suggests the question, What is Theosophy? In the broadest sense and philosophically speaking, it is defined as follows by the Encyclopædia Britannica:

A term used to denote those forms of philosophic and religious thought which claim a special insight into the Divine nature and its constitutive mo

ments or processes. Sometimes this insight is claimed as the result of the operation of some higher faculty or some supernatural revelation to the individual; in other instances the Theosophical theory is not based upon any special illumination, but is simply put forward as the deepest speculative wisdom of its author. But in any case it is characteristic of Theosophy that it starts with an explication of the Divine essence, and endeavors to deduce the phenomenal universe from

the play of forces within the Divine nature itself.

There are several separate associations in various countries which study and teach Theosophical ideas. They are not in full agreement. The Society (or societies) founded about fifty years ago in the United States by Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott (notable figures in their day and both charged by nonbelievers with trickery in physical manifestations of divine or spiritual guidance), and by William Q. Judge, put forth as their objects: (1) To establish a nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity; (2) to promote the study of comparative religion and philosophy; (3) to make a systematic investigation into the mystic potencies of life and matter, or what is usually termed "occultism."

There are at least two American Theosophical Societies now existent; one, called the American Theosophical Society, accepts Mrs. Besant as a world leader; and it is under the auspices of this Society (and those of a well-known lecture bureau) that Krishnamurti is here; the other is the Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society, of which Katherine Tingley is leader, with headquarters at Point Loma, California. This latter-named Brotherhood not only refuses to indorse Mrs. Besant, but one of its members, purporting to present the views of the Society, attacks the teachings of Mrs. Besant.

Krishnamurti the Modest

THE

'HE personal impression made here by Krishnamurti in his talks with reporters has been that of a modest, pleasing young man. He disclaims any desire to be called a Messiah. One reporter records him as saying: "I am just an ordinary young fellow," and another describes him as shy, silent, and the flower of courtesy. So far as Krishnamurti has uttered any "message," it is that America is neglecting the spiritual for the material. He has said: "We must cultivate both body and spirit. The ideal is a fine harmony. In India we have neglected the body for the benefit of the spirit. In America you have perhaps neglected the spirit."

Nothing that Krishnamurti (often called Krishnaji, or even Krish, for short) has said seems to confirm the pretensions and mystical announcement made, as reported, by Mrs. Besant: "The World Teacher has not come

twice, but five times. This is the sixth time he has visited the world. It is not always the same Teacher. Always he is from the Hierarch, that is all. The present World Teacher has come but once before, when he used Jesus for his vehicle."

This sort of talk is more mystical than enlightening. So is that about Rishis, Mahatmas, and other sages or spirits--or both. They may be supposed to be actual men in semi-divine reflection, occasionally sending out messages of wisdom, or they may be mental and spiritual subjective conceptions. Too much mystery is not good for any gospel. Plain speaking is certainly desirable for reaching the modern Occidental, even though a certain proportion of Americans do delight to soak themselves in mysticism, Theosophy, Babism, or other deliverances that seem to the rest of us more occult than valuable to mankind.

The Block in the Cloak
Strike Mediation

OME 40,000 cloakmakers have been

SOM

on strike in New York City for two months. Governor Smith two years ago appointed a commission to make a study of the peculiarly perplexing problems of this trade peculiar because of the seasonal nature of the trade and because the small jobbers come between the workers and the large manufacturers, and the jobbers are an inchoate, unorganized, and contentious element.

The commission appointed by Governor Smith made recommendations which the workers admit are well intended, but which, they claim, offer no solution because of these jobbers. The workers say that the jobbers are "responsible for about seventy-five per cent of the total production in the industry, and have officially ignored the recommendations

of the commission and practically rejected them in toto." Hence the workers refused the Governor's suggestion of arbitration as recommended by the commission.

Their idea of a remedy is as follows:

The best service that you, Mr. Governor, can, in our opinion, render to the workers as well as to the employers in our industry at this time, in pursuance of your public-spirited interest in our industry, is to bring about a conference or series of conferences between the workers and the different types of employers in the

cloak and suit industry for the purpose of an open-minded discussion of the pending issues and a sincere effort to solve our intricate problems. Our union will be ready at all times to participate in such conferences in this spirit.

In reply Governor Smith again, in a forceful open letter, urged arbitration,

Keystone

Jeddu Krishnamurti

pointed out the instant need of stopping a strike which is breaking down such standards as are still left in the industry, declared that the contention as to the jobbers has little force because the unions have already made terms with independent manufacturers, and argued that agreement with sub-manufacturers and jobbers would follow agreement with the large manufacturers after arbitration. "Usually," he says, "it is the manufacturers who hesitate to accept arbitration; now it is the union." He does not object to the series of conferences proposed, and his commission will co-operate, but he urges that if results do not soon appear, the arbitration offer should be accepted.

The public will certainly commend Governor Smith's earnest efforts to bring about industrial peace in a difficult and complicated situation.

companies and their employees-mediation, arbitration, publicity.

The first remedy has just been tried in the case of a demand of railway trainmen and conductors of six large railway companies for higher wages, as reported in The Outlook two weeks ago. The result as stated by the Federal Mediation Board was that "after frank, friendly, and thorough consideration of the questions involved it appeared that the discussion could not be settled through mediation." But both sides willingly agreed to try the second process offered by the new law-namely, arbitration. This in itself the Board considers a valuable result. Mr. Lee, President of the Brotherhood of Trainmen, expressed the desire of the union men as good citizens to give the new law "a try out," but declared also that future arbitration would depend largely on the degree of justice received.

Good sportsmanship and sense of fair play should make each party to a voluntary arbitration abide by its result whether it is fully satisfied or not. Naturally, each believes in the justice of its own cause, but when collective bargaining and mediation fail the only road to a settlement is by leaving the question to arbitration, with the full intention of fairly accepting the decision. Such a decision has not the force of a court's decree or of a contract entered into for

mally, but it is the practical way to avoid protracted strikes.

If the arbitration now to be set in motion under the auspices of the Federal Board of Mediation fails, then comes the third application of the new law-publicity. It is not called just that, but the fact-finding commission to be appointed by the President of the United States would be directed to study the facts and make a full statement directed to Congress and the people, and the moral influence upon public opinion is to be invoked.

In all these efforts for amicable disposal of disputed issues the effort is, not to hear complaints brought by one side and pass upon their justice, but to try to bring both sides into nearer relations and get some basis that may be acceptable to both. In that respect it differs from the law it superseded.

The board of arbitration will consist of two members each from the two contesting parties and two members to be

selected by those four as representative

of the public at large. Thus even in this stage there is a possibility of failure to agree.

The new law is evidently intended, not to decide disputes by the majority vote of a board, but to extend the field of conciliation and compromise. When President Coolidge signed this Watson-Parker Law, he said, "I should have preferred some more definite declaration for the possible protection of the people," but he also pointed out that the railways are not relieved of their responsibility to the public at large, but that "rather they have increased their responsibility by virtue of the self-government which this law imposes upon them."

The Puritan Artist

PPRECIATION of the art of the American Puritan is evidently growing. Of course for many years experts have recognized the beauty of the best handiwork of the early American colonists and have made collections of examples of such handiwork and preserved them in museums. But this is not the appreciation to which we refer, but rather that understanding of what the Puritan has contributed of lasting significance to America in forms of beauty.

Last week we recorded the fact that the interior of a church at Cornwall, Connecticut, had been restored and rededicated. Now another New England church, not quite as old in years but equally representative of the early New England feeling for beauty, has been renovated. The church at Waterford, Maine, was built in 1837, but it belongs to the period that produced the best of the early New England meeting-houses. In consequence of the efforts of almost all in the community, under the wise and indefatigable leadership of Miss Mabel C. Gage, granddaughter of one of the members of the first building committee of the parish, the original severe grace both in color and design of the interior has been restored. Even the

electric-lighting fixtures have with painstaking and affectionate care been made to fit the original conception of the Puritan meeting-house. Such an interior is as truly a testimony to the character of the people who built New England and New England's institutions as Gothic architecture is to the spirit of the people of the Middle Ages. Those who

wish to learn of the artistic sensitiveness wish to learn of the artistic sensitiveness and artistic conscience of the people from whom we have the Puritan inheritance can learn much from the beautiful village of Waterford under the elms by Tom Fond and Mount Tir'em and from the Waterford church.

At the rededication services the meet

Keystone

Dan Moody

ing-house was filled with a congregation that was more than the church could seat and lacked but a hundred of equaling the total population of the town.

But it is not only in externals that the New England churches are being renewed.

Instead of scattered parishes, each attempting to do its own work and support its own minister, there is in this region about Waterford a united parish, jointly served by a group of ministers and representing three denominations.

Here, at least, churches are finding from the best in the past an impulse for progress, and in simplicity both in outward form and in inner spirit the secret of beauty and of unity.

Moody and "Ma"

THE "run-off" or secondary primary

in Texas resulted in an overwhelming victory for Dan Moody over Ma Ferguson. No disrespect for either candidate is intended by naming them thus familiarly, for advocates and opponents alike have almost universally so dubbed the Governor and would-be Governor.

The second primary was necessary because Attorney-General Moody did not quite get a clear majority of votes in the first. Needless to say, in Texas a Democratic nomination for Governor is followed by election, bar death or political revolution. Moody's vote is nearly double that of his opponent.

The reasons for the defeat of Governor Ferguson are clear: The voters had tired of an administration the policy and actions of which most people believed to have been dictated by the Governor's husband; the voters were tired also of the turmoil and personalities that had marred the political history of the Ferguson régime; they resented Mr. Ferguson's charge that a vote against "Ma" was a vote for the Ku Klux Klan, for they knew that Moody had an anti-Klan record; finally, they thought it poor political sportsmanship when, after the first primary, the Fergusons refused to carry out campaign pledges of withdrawal if the result showed that the people wanted Moody as Governor.

Moody says that his platform is simply one of rigid economy and honesty in every State activity. One of the tersest comments on the situation is that "Texas has no hostility for a woman Governor as such, but the Fergusons in combination were intolerable."

Mrs. Ferguson had the opportunity of retiring with dignity from an office that, for her own sake alone, she probably never would have sought. That opportunity she threw away when she entered the run-off primary. Why she thought it worth while to drink the cup of defeat to the dregs will remain one of the mysteries of politics. Those who have always opposed her say that her husband, former Governor James Ferguson, would not permit her to make her pledges good. Even if that is true, it does not solve the mystery. It is not to be expected that a husband will be any more anxious than the wife herself to have her subjected to unnecessary hardships.

It may be unjust to Mrs. Ferguson to say that she was unduly influenced by her husband. It is justice, however, to say in her behalf-though she would doubtless resent this equally with the other that she was hampered by him. If women are to hold high public office -and they are they should be elected in their own right and upon their own

44

records. Perhaps Mrs. Ferguson's unhappy experience has helped to teach America that lesson.

Worrying Over

M

Winchester

R. CHARLES K. TAYLOR,

who has for many years been known to Outlook readers as a stimulating commentator upon American education, is now in Europe. The last time Mr. Taylor went abroad, if we remember correctly, he visited the Argonne with a group of hard-fisted young Americans whose chief purpose was to make life as unpleasant as possible for certain Germans who had strayed off their own proper range. On his present trip Mr. Taylor is engaged in making life as pleasant (and as profitable) as possible for a group of American boys. who are bicycling with him over the roads of Great Britain and France.

It is quite impossible for Mr. Taylor to free himself from his interest in education, whether on foot, on horseback, or on a bicycle. Naturally enough, he has rejoiced at the opportunity which this trip gave him to visit some of the noted British schools and to discuss the problems of education both with teachers and boys. The first fruit of his observations is published in this week's issue of The Outlook. In this article he gives his impressions of Winchester College. There will be discussions, we expect, of other British schools in later issues. It seems to us that this article on Winchester ought to make parents and teachers think over, perhaps quarrel over, their definitions of education.

What is Mr. Taylor's definition? Why

is he worried at the narrowness of the Winchester standards? How much further would the graduates of Winchester go if they knew more subjects and possibly knew none of them thoroughly? Would they gain more of the durable

Yale?

If all these questions could be accurately answered, and the reasons for the answers supplied, we might be able to learn more than we know now of the best methods of achieving the twofold

many of the graduates of Harvard and against the Kuominchun armies of General Feng Yu-hsiang. From South China troops of the Kuomingtang faction, supporters of the Canton Government, which is friendly to Feng and the Kuominchun, are advancing against Wu. In the provinces around Shanghai General Sun Chuan-fang maintains an independent military overlordship. Meanwhile the international conferences on customs tariffs and extra-territorial rights of foreigners are held up indefinitely.

Diplomatic representatives of China have chosen this moment to take another step toward abrogation of what the Chinese call the "unequal treaties" granting special privileges to foreigners. Her spokesmen in Brussels and Geneva have announced that her commercial treaty with Belgium will not be extended after its term ends on October 29. Observers who know China have seen in this move the sign of an active policy of doing away with her treaties with France, Great Britain, Italy, Holland, Japan, Portugal, Spain, and the United States. China possesses-although distremendous organized politically-a weapon in the economic boycott. She has used it against Great Britain and Japan, to their great loss. Her representatives threaten to use it against Belgium unless she signs an "equal treaty."

The United States would lose less in such a contest with China than several other Powers for instance, Great Britain with her control of the administration of the customs and salt revenues or Japan with her investments in China. But we would suffer also. China undoubtedly can make it too expensive to enforce the existing treaties.

The Chinese chaos has led to the suggestion of dealing with the individual tuchuns-the military leaders who control the various sections of the divided country. The tendency of such a policy would be inevitably to emphasize and

adopt an American curriculum? With such a change, would Winchester mother a greater percentage of well-rounded lovers of scholarship and life, such as Viscount Grey?

There are some other questions too which might be pondered. Is the average Winchester undergraduate as interesting an evening's companion as the average undergraduate of Groton or St. Mark's? Does the average Winchester undergraduate write as illiterately as do

D

EALING with China always has been difficult. Since the revolution of 1911 it has become increasingly difficult, and this year-temporarily, at least-impossible. At Peking there is not even a shadow government. The country is given over to the civil wars of rival chieftains.

In North China the combined forces of General Wu Pei-fu, of the "Yangtze Alliance," and Marshal Chang Tso-lin, of Manchuria, continue their campaign

China. Temporarily and locally, it would probably get practical results. But in the long run it might be an unsatisfactory expedient, for we never know when one tuchun may fall from power and another appear in his place. and the word of one tuchun does not bind his successor as the contract of a legal government binds a succeeding government. Yet it is an expedient which may be forced upon foreigners in China as the only way of dealing with China at all.