pro

for the purpose of driving away, the flies by the smoke than for moting exsiccation; and then they pound it between two stones on a bison hide. In this process the pounded meat is contaminated by a greater or smaller admixture of hair and other impurities. The fat, which is generally the suet of the bison, is added by the traders, and they complete the process by sewing up the pemmican in a bag of undressed hide with the hairy side outwards. Each of these bags weighs 90 lb., and obtains from the Canadian voyagers the designation of "an taureau." A superior pemmican is produced by mixing finely powdered meat, sifted from impurities, with marrow fat, and the dried fruit of the Amelanchier.(Sir J. Richardson.) +17 Important Uses of Iodiferous Compounds. From the inportant researches of M. Bousingault, it appears that the inhabitants of the Cordilleras of New Granada, where cretinism and goitre are endemic, now avert these evils by the use of an iodiferous salt extracted from the numerous saline springs of that country; and M, A Fourcault recommends to the inhabitants of mountain districts, where goitre and cretinism are endemic, the use of iodurite of potassa along with common salt: he is also of opinion, that iodurets will prove very useful in districts where scrofula and pulmonary consumption prevail.

18. On the Application of Rectified Oil of Coal-Tar to the Preservation of Meat and Vegetables. By M. Robin.-When the flesh of animals, entire birds with the feathers, vegetables, fruits, &c., are placed in air-tight vessels filled with water, at the bottom of which there is a little oil of coal-tar, so that the substances to be preserved are covered by the water, which becomes charged with the vapour of the oil evaporating at the ordinary temperature, they are perfectly preserved from decomposition.-(Comptes Rendus, vol. xxxii, p. 650.)

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19. Lapland." At the beginning of June, I left Helsingfors for Üleaborg, about eighty Swedish miles, or six hundred and forty English. In the latter town, I had to provide myself with a suitable outfit for Lapland tents, provisions to cook, &c. There remained yet two hundred English miles to Kunsama Kimbe. The distance took us six or seven days, though hitherto we had travelled at the rate of eight miles an hour. The stations where we could procure horses became fewer and fewer, and frequently I was obliged to wait one or two days for horses. At Kunsama Church, all roads were at an end, and thence I was obliged to travel either on the lakes and rivers, or on foot. When I say I am now in Lapland, I am wrong; for in this parish no Laplanders have lived within the last hundred years. Finnish colonists have pressed them on farther north, somewhat as has been done with some Indians. They have here some little agriculture (rye), and a few settlements. From ten to twenty miles farther north, we have the true Laplanders, who roam about with their rein-deer. The scenery here partakes, how

ever, entirely of the Lapland features. Summer lasts only from ten to twelve weeks; and in December the day lasts from eleven till two o'clock, and even these three hours are not what we would call daylight, but rather a kind of twilight. A few miles further on, they do not see the sun at all for a whole month. The population here is very sparse; fishing and breeding of cattle furnish the only means of subsistence. Rein-deers are much used: a rich peasant has from three to four hundred; the Laplanders several thousand. Very few are seen here in summer, for as soon as the snow thaws in spring, they are driven into the forests. In autumn, almost the whole population go out; a large space is fenced in, and after tedious driving, they collect the half-wild rein-deer, and each individual selects his own-they are all marked-and takes them home. The whole winter the rein-deer keep round the bays and inlets, and feed themselves by scraping out the moss from under the snow, and the peasants, consequently, do not have to look out for their feeding. For the winter, some dozen or two are broken in for the harness, for there are few horses here, and higher up none. A rein-deer sledge (in Laplandish pulka) is shaped like a boat (conat). Reins are not used as with horses, only a strap round the neck, The animal may be in quickest motion, but so soon as I pull the strap. to the side, it stands still. In driving in the pulka, we make use of cloaks of rein-deer hide, through a hole in which the head is thrust. *** Almost the whole of June, I could see the sun all night from the hill-tops, considerably above the horizon. Night was as light as day, and I could make the most careful drawings and minute examinations of minerals. In June and July we had intense heat, accompanied by innumerable gnats and flies. The peasants guard themselves against these tormentors by covering their face and hands with tar. I had a mask of gauze."-(Silliman's Journal, vol. xi., 2d Series, p. 136.)

List of Patents granted for Scotland from 22d December 1851 to 24th March 1852.

1. TO JAMES MACNEE, of Glasgow, in the county of Lanark, North Britain, merchant, "improvements in the manufacture or production of ornamental fabrics."-26th December 1851.

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2. TO JEAN ANTOINE FARINA, of Paris, in the state of France, proprietor, a process for manufacturing paper from a certain material.”26th December 1851.

3. TO FRANCIS HASTINGS GREENSTREET, of Albany Street, Mornington Crescent, in the county of Middlesex, "improvements in coating and ornamenting zinc."-29th December 1851.

4. TO FREDERICK ROSENBORG, of the Albany, in the county of Middlesex, Esq., "improvements in the manufacture of casks, barrels, and other like articles, and the machinery employed therein."—2d January 1852.

5. TO JAMES AIKMAN, of Paisley, in the county of Renfrew, North Britain, calenderer, "improvements in the treatment or finishing of textile fabrics and materials."-6th January 1852.

6. TO JAMES GATHERCOLE, of Eltham, in the county of Kent, envelope manufacturer," improvements in the manufacture and ornamenting of envelopes, parts of which improvements are applicable to other descriptions of stationery, and in the machinery, apparatus, or means to be used therein."-8th January 1852.

7. To EDWIN ROSE, of Manchester, in the county of Lancaster, engineer, "certain improvements in boilers for generating steam."—9th January 1852.

8. TO THOMAS RICHARDSON, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, "improvements in the manufacture or preparation of magnesia and some of its salts."12th January 1852.

9. TO JAMES WARREN, of Montague Terrace, Mile-end Road, gentleman," improvements applicable to railways and railway carriages, and improvements in paving."-13th January 1852.

10. To ALEXANDER PARKES, of Birmingham, " improvements in separating silver from other metals."-13th January 1852.

11. To ALEXANDER HEDIARD, of 25 Rue Taitbont, Paris, France, "improvements in propelling and navigating ships, boats, and vessels, by steam and other motive power."—16th January 1852.

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12. TO AIMÉ NICHOLAS DERODE, of No. 37 Rue St Roche, Paris, France, gentleman, a certain process for uniting cast-iron to cast-iron and to other metals, and for uniting other metals together."-26th January 1852.

13. TO GEORGE TORR, of the Chemical Works, Trunley's Lane, Rotherhithe, animal charcoal burner, "improvements in reburning animal charcoal."-26th January 1852.

14. To JAMES PILLANS WILSON and GEORGE FERGUSON WILSON, both of Wandsworth, in the county of Surrey, gentlemen, " improvements in the preparation of wool for the manufacture of woollen and other fabrics, and in the process of obtaining materials to be used for that purpose."26th January 1852.

15. TO VICTOR LEMOIGN, of Cette, department of l'Herault, in the republic of France, "certain improvements in rotary engines."-26th January 1852.

16. TO JOHN STOPPORTON, of Douglas, in the Isle of Man, engineer, "certain improvements in propelling vessels, parts of which improvements are applicable to steam-engines and pumps."-28th January 1852.

17. TO JOSEPH STENSON, of Northampton, in the county of Northampton, engineer and iron-manufacturer, "improvements in the manufacture of iron, and in the steam-apparatus used therein, part or parts of which are also applicable to evaporative and motive purposes."-30th January 1852.

VOL. LII. NO. CIV.-APRIL 1852.

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18. TO JOHN CHATTERTON, of Birmingham, in the county of Warwick, agent, "certain improvements in protecting insulated electro-telegraphic wires, and in the methods and machinery used for that purpose."30th January 1852.

19. TO FRANCIS CLARK MOUATIS, of Earlston, in the county of Berwick, builder," an improved hydraulic syphon."-4th February 1852. 20. TO SYDNEY SMITH, of Nottingham, "improvements in indicating the height of water in steam boilers."-4th February 1852.

21. TO GEORGE DUNCAN, of the New North Road, Haxton, and ARTHUR HUTTON, of the same place, "improvements in the manufacture of casks."-6th February 1852.

22. GEORGE COLLIER, of Halifax, in the county of York, mechanic, improvements in the manufacture of carpets and other fabrics."-10th February 1852.

23. To ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66 Chancery Lane, in the county of Middlesex, mechanical draughtsman, “improvements in the manufacture of pigments or paints."-11th February 1852.

24. TO CHARLES COWPER, of 20 Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the county of Middlesex, patent agent, "improvements in machinery for combing and preparing wool and other fibrous substances ;" being a communication.-13th February 1852.

25. To ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66 Chancery Lane, in the county of Middlesex, mechanical draughtsman, “improvements in machinery for weaving coach lace, Brussels tapestry, and velvet carpeting, and other pile fabrics;" being a communication,-13th February 1852.

26. JAMES ANDERSON YOUNG, of the firm of A. S. Young and Son, of 185 Buchanan Street, Glasgow, in the county of Lanark, North Britain, surgeon-dentist, "certain improvements in dental operations, and in apparatus or instruments to be used therein."-16th February 1852,

27. TO HERMANN TURCK, of Broad Street Buildings, in the city of London, merchant, "improvements in the manufacture of rosin oil; " being a communication. 18th February 1852.

28. TO JAMES ROBERTSON, of Oxford Street, in the city of Manchester, chemist, "improved methods of producing or obtaining printing dyes and other substances used in printing, which improvements, in whole or in part, are applicable to other like useful purposes."—20th February 1852.

29. TO WILLIAM HAMER, of Manchester, in the county of Lancaster, "certain improvements in looms for weaving,"-23d February 1852.

30. TO PETER ARMANDE LE COMTE DE FONTAINE MOREAU, of 4 South Street, Finsbury, London, and 24 Boulevard Poissonniere, patent agent, "certain improvements in gas-burners;" being a communication.-26th February 1852.

31. TO CHARLES JOHN MARE, of Blackwall, improvements in constructing iron ships or vessels, and steam-boilers."-1st March 1852.. 32. To HENRY GLYNN, of Branton Street, Berkeley Square, gentleman, and RUDOLPH APPEL, of Gerrard Street, Soho, anastatic printer, "improve

'nents in the manufacture or treatment of paper or fabric to prevent copies or impressions being taken of any writing or printing thereon."1st March 1852.

33. TO WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66 Chancery Lane, in the county of Middlesex, civil engineer, "improvements in the heddles or harness of looms for weaving, and in the machinery for producing the same;" being a communication.-2d March

1852.

34. TO HENRY BESSEMER, of Baxter House, Old St Pancras Road, in the county of Middlesex, improvements in expressing saccharine fluids, and in the manufacture, refining, and treating sugar.”—3d March 1852. 35. TO FREDERICK CRACE CALVERT, of Manchester, in the county of Lancaster, professor of chemistry and analytical chemist, "improvements in manufacturing iron, and in manufacturing and purifying coke."-4th March 1852.

36. To JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47 Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the county of Middlesex, and of Glasgow, North Britain, gentleman, “improvements in weaving carpets and other fabrics, and in the machinery or apparatus employed therein."-4th March 1852.

37. TO WILLIAM SINCLAIR, of Manchester, in the county of Lancaster, engineer, "certain improvements in locks."-8th March 1852,

38. TO JOHN BLAIR, of Irvine, in the county of Ayr, North Britain, gentleman, "certain improvements in beds or couches, and other articles of furniture."-9th March 1852.

39. TO PERRY G. GARDNER, of the city of New York, in the United States of America, civil engineer and mechanist, "improvements in the manufacture of malleable metals into pipes, hollow shafts, railway wheels, or other analogous forms, which are capable of being dressed, turned down, or polished in a lathe."-10th March 1852.

40. To ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66 Chancery Lane, in the county of Middlesex, mechanical draughtsman, improvements in machinery for combing wool and other fibrous substances; being a communication.-15th March 1852. !

41. To ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAME, of Glasgow, in the county of Lanark, North Britain, ironmaster, improvements in the treatment and application of slag, or the refuse matter of blast furnaces."-15th March 1852.

42. TO WILLIAM CHARLES SCOTT, of Camberwell, in the county of Surrey, gentleman, "certain improvements in the construction of omnibuses, and other public and private carriages."-15th March 1852.

43. TO WILLIAM STIRLING LACON, of Great Yarmouth, in the county of Norfolk, gentleman, " improvements in the means of suspending ships' boats, and of lowering the same into the water."-16th March 1852.

44. To JOHN MERCER, of Oakenshaw, Clayton-le-Moors, chemist; and JOHN GREENWOOD, of Irwell Springs, Bacup, Turkey-red dyer, both in the county of Lancaster, "certain improvements in preparing cotton, and other fabrics, for dyeing and printing."-17th March 1852.

45. TO CHARLES MIDDLETON KERNOT, of West Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, M.D.; and WILLIAM HIRST, of Manchester, in the county of