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SAT. I.

217

Quum fas esse putet curam sperare cohortis,
Qui bona donavit præsepibus et caret ómni

60 Majorum censu, dum pervolat axe citato

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Flaminiam; (puer Automedon nam lora tenebat,
Ipse lacernatæ quum se jactaret amica)

Nonne libet medio ceras implere capaces

Quadrivio? quum jam sexta cervice feratur

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58. A military tribuneship.' VS. prefectship of the prætorian band.' GRE. A cohort consisted of 550 infantry and 66 cavalry. In legione sunt centuric sexaginta, manipuli triginta, cohortes decem; Gell. xvi. 4. A. PR. When the allies were admitted into the legions, the number of military tribunes was probably increased to ten, one to command each cohort. cf. x. 94. Cæs. B. C. ii. 20. Plin. iii. 9. 18. LI. R.

59. Either (1) Cornelius Fuscus is intended, who, when a boy, had driven Nero's chariot; he afterwards' squandered his patrimony' in charioteering, and at last was made prefect of the prætorian bands by Domitian, and fell in the Dacian war: iv. 112. Suet. T. or (2) of obscure origin, Tigellinus, a man MNC. and a depraved minister to Nero's pleasures, who also was promoted to a prefectship: v. 67. 155. Tac. An. xiv. sqq. Hist. i. 72. or (3) Damasippus: viii. 147. PR.

Præsepia is an ambiguous term, meaning either mangers' or brothels.' PL.

60. The construction may be this: quum (is), qui-censu, fus-cohortis, dum &c. (cf. Tac. An. i. 7.) i. e. because he has been Nero's charioteer. HK. Illi instant verbere torto, et proni dant lora; volat vi fervidus axis; Virg. G. iii. 106. R.

61. The Flaminian Way,' the most ancient and celebrated of all the Roman roads, led to the emperor's villa. It was made by the censor C. Flaminius (A. U. 533.) through Tuscany to Ariminum. Strab. v. p. 333. cf. Suet. Aug. 30. PR. R.

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This boy' was the charioteer of Nero, as Automedon' was of Achilles. GRE. Hom. II. I 145 sqq. P 429 sqq. 459 537. T 395 sqq. Virg. E. ii. 477. Suet. Ner. 22. viii. 148. Cicero, also, uses Automedon as the name of any charioteer; Rosc. Am. 35. PR. R.

62. By ipse we are to understand Nero M. for ipse, as well as ille (v.

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97.), avròs, and ixtivos, often convey a
notion of authority and respect; hence a
teacher is thus spoken of by his disciple
(as in the Pythagorean expression aurÒS
pa), a master by his servant, a general
by a soldier, a patron as distinguished
from his clients, the mind as contrasted
with the body, &c. in which cases the
opposition shows what is meant. v. 30.
V. Flacc. iii. 150. Ov. Trist. V. i. 45.
Calpurn. i. 46. R. [Livy xxii, 1, i;
xxvii, 32, b. ED.]

Jactare se is to play the agreeable' or 'to show off before.' It may be a metaphor from a peacock spreading his tail. cf. Pers. iv. 15. R.

Though spoken of in the feminine gender, Sporus the eunuch is here meant, BRI. whom this monster cum dote et flameo, nuptiarum celeberrimo officio, deductum ad se, pro uxore habuit; quemque, Augustarum ornamentis excultum lecticaque vectum, et circa conventus mercatusque Græciæ ac mor Romæ circa Sigillaria comitatus est identidem exosculans; Suet. Ner. 28. PR. cf. sponsæ turpes; v. 78. R. A few years afterwards this Sporus was ordered by the emperor Vitellius to personate a nymph in a pantomime, but committed suicide to avoid appearing on the stage in a female dress! G. The epithet lacernata implies that this was not a woman, lacerna being a man's cloak. FE. It was worn by soldiers in the camp, Plin. xviii. 25. Öv. Fast. ii. 746. and by spectators in the amphitheatre; in the latter case it was white, A. Mart. XIV. cxxxvii. IV. ii. See also Suet. Aug. 40. Claud. 6. PR. Mart. V. viii.

63. Cera are the same as cerata tabellæ. The pocket-books of the Romans consisted of thin pieces of wood, covered over with wax, on which they wrote with the point of an instrument called stylus, Hor. I. S. x. the other end of which was blunt for the purpose of erasure. 72. M.

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64. In the very cross-ways;' such is

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65 Hinc atque inde patens ac nuda inde patens ac nuda pæne cathedra Et multum referens de Mæcenate supino Signator, falso qui se lautum atque beatum Exiguis tabulis et gemma fecerat uda? Occurrit matrona potens, quæ, molle Calenum 70 Porrectura, virò miscet sitiente rubetam Instituitque rudes melior Locusta propinquas

the impudence of these miscreants, and the depravity of these times! LU.

The litters of the rich were called heraphori, Mart. II. lxxxi. IV. li. or ostophori, vii. 141. from the number of bearers or lecticarii; persons of inferior fortune used sella gestatoria a sedan,' carried by two chairmen. ix. 142. LI. M. R. cf. BO. c. 8. p. 427 sq. 443 sq.

65. Here the litter' is left open on both sides' out of effrontery, as opposed to lectica tuta pelle veloque and sella clausa; v. 124. Mart. XI. xcviii. 11 sq. LU. clausa lectica fenestra; iii. 242. clausum latis specularibus antrum; iv. 21. This latter was also called cubiculum viatorium; Plin. xxxvii. 2. Suet. Aug. 78. Tit. 10. Ov. A. A. i. 487 sq. LI. It was fitted up with cushions and pillows, stood on four short legs, and was carried by means of poles; iii. 245. vii. 132. The cathedra or chair' belonged properly to ladies; vi. 91. ix. 52. Mart. IV. Îxxix. 3. Phæd. III. viii. 4. Prop. IV. v. 37. hence called faminea cathedra; Mart. III. lxiii. 7. Calp. vii. 27. BO. Only vestals and empresses used pilenta and carpenta. R.

66. Macenas, though a very active man of business, was otherwise most in dolent and luxurious;' xii. 39. Sen. Ep. 19. 101. 114. 120. otio et mollitiis pane ultra feminam fluens; Vell. Pat. i. 88. Quint. X. iv. Plin. xiv. 6. DO. PR. R. He was at once a beau and a sloven. G. For the above sense of supinus see Mart. II. vi. 13. PR. Quint. V. xii. 10. X. ii. 17, &c. Plin. xvi. 37. Suet. Aug. 16. R. Referre to bring back to mind,' therefore to resemble.' Virg. Æ. iv. 329. x. 766. Tac. Germ. 43. R.

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PR. cf. x. 336. M. Falsum was a technical term, as falsi reus, GRO. Cornelia de falsis, &c. R.

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68. A brief testament,' making him sole heir. BRI. Omnia soli breviter dabit ; xii. 125. PR. ii. 58.

Ut arcanas possim signare tabellas, nere tenax ceram siccave gemma trahat, humida tangam prius ora; Ov. Am. II. xv. 15 sqq. Trist. V. iv. 5 sq. Pont. II. ix. 69. GR. cf. xiii. 139. xiv. 132. R.

69. Nulla aconita bibuntur fictilibus; x. 25 sq. LU. The commencement of this horrible practice is mentioned by Livy, viii. 18. PR. Agrippina poisoned her husband Claudius by a mushroom; Tac. An. xii. 67. Suet. Claud. 44. R. The allusion therefore is probably to some other noble matron, G. who will meet you in the public streets. M.

Cales was in Campania. LU. The choicest wines of Italy are named by Horace, I Od. xx. 9 sqq. of these the Calenian and Cæcubian had gone out of fashion in Pliny's time; xiv. 6. R.

Molle mellow' from age; Hor. I Od. vii. 19. Virg. G. i. 341. as opposed to durum rough;' G. iv. 102. R.

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70. A poison' supposed to be extracted from the toad,' called rubeta from its frequenting brakes. GRE. turgentis ranæ portenta rubeta; Prop. III. vi. 27. PR. nunc res agitur tenui pulmone rubetæ; vi. 659. cf. iii. 44. R.

71. Cæsareas soboles horrenda Locusta occidit, curans sævi venenata Neronis ; Turnus. VS. This hag seems to have reduced the art of poisoning to a science; Claudius spared her life in order to avail himself of her diabolical skill, and at last was taken off by her agency. ""Tis the sport," as Shakspeare beautifully observes," to have the engineer Hoist with his own petar;" Ham. III. iv. Nero employed her to destroy Germanicus, and perhaps Burrhus; but on the accession of Galba, she was dragged to execution amid

Per famam et populum nigros efferre maritos.

Aude aliquid brevibus Gyaris et carcere dignum,
Si vis esse aliquis: probitas laudatur et alget.
75 Criminibus debent hortos, prætoria, mensas,
Argentum vetus et stantem extra pocula caprum. //
Quem patitur dormire nurus corruptor avara,
Quem sponsæ turpes et, prætextatus adulter?
Si natura negat, facit indignatio versum,
80 Qualemcumque potest, quales ego vel Cluvienus.
Ex quo Deucalion, nimbis tollentibus æquor,

the shouts and execrations of the populace.
G. Tac. An. xii. 66. xiii. 15. Suet.
Claud. 44. Ner. 33. 47. PR. R.

Melior more knowing and daring;' instituit 'instructs;' rudes ignorant.' LU. 72 "E dià duoiy for per famam populi. GRÆ. per ' in defiance of,' running the gantelope' as it were.

'Livid' from the effects of poison, GRE. which is hence called pocula nigra; Prop. II. xxvii. 10. R.

Efferreis peculiarly applied to funerals, PR. as effertur, imus, ad sepulcrum venimus; Ter. And. I. i. 90. M. vi. 175. 567. xiv. 220. [Livy xxiv, 22, r. ED.] It is here the consequent put for the antecedent. R. cf. note 70 on Herod. vii. 117.

73. Gyarus, now Jura, one of the Cyclades, was the Botany Bay of Rome. vi. 563 sq. x. 170. Plin. iv. 12. viii. 29. 57. Tac. An. iii. 68 sq. iv. 30. Other rocky islands were used for the same purpose. LU. PR. R.

74. Sese aliquem credens; Pers. i. 129. somebody;' PR. Cic. ad Att. iii. 15. δοκῶν μὲν τὶς εἶναι, ὢν δ ̓ οὐδείς· Αrr. Ep. ii. 24. R.

"In this partial avaricious age What price bears honour? virtue? long ago It was but praised, and free zed? but now-a days 'Tis colder far, and has nor love nor praise;" Massinger, Fatal Dowry, II. i. G.

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75. Such gardens' contained villas, summerhouses, terraces, sheets of water, fountains, grottos, statues, &c. Smaller gardens were called viridaria or nemora. R.

'Palaces;' ad lapidem Torquatus habet prætoria quartum; Mart. X. lxxix. 1. Suet. Tit. 8. PR. x. 161. R.

The Romans were very extravagant in their tables,' which were made of citron

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wood, marble, ivory, &c. GRÆ. v. 137 sq. R. Mart. XIV. lxxxix. xc. &c.

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76. Argentum, mensæ, murrhina, rura, domus; Mart. XI. lxx. 8. The goat,' as destructive to vines, was sacrificed to Bacchus, and was a usual device on embossed goblets: or it might be a bassrelief of Phryxus and Helle riding on the goat; stat caper Eolio Thebani vellere Phryxi cultus; Mart. VIII. li. (de phiala Rufi,') 9. VS. PR. altis exstantem signis cratera; Ov. Met. v. 81. antiquus crater signis exstantibus asper ; Id. xii. 235. cf. v. 38. R.

77. The avarice of the daughter-in-law is her ruin. 'Who can tamely witness such flagitiousness?' LU.

78. Unnatural brides.' G. v. 62. ii. 117. 134. Mart. xii. 42. Suet. Ner. 29. Ov. A. A. i. 524. Tac. An. xv. 37. R.

The prætexta was a white gown (toga) with a purple border, and was worn by magistrates and priests, and by noble boys till they completed their fifteenth year, when they exchanged it for the manly gown. Pers. v. 30. PR. R.

79. Ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et præceptis et arte constant; poeta natura ipsa valet et mentis viribus excitatur et quasi divino quodam spiritu infatur; Cic. pro Arch. 8. cf. Hor. A. P. 408 sqq. PR.

80. Cluvienus was a miserable versifier of whom nothing further is known. PR. 81. This proem contains the sum and substance of the poet's future Satires. cf. CAS. on Pers. i. 1.

Ex quo; Hor. III Od. iii. 21. ig.· Hom. Îl. A 7. órov Aristoph. N. 520. Quo tempore primum Deucalion vacuum lapides jactavit in orbem, unde homines nati, durum genus; Virg. G. i. 61 sqq.

From the earliest ages: a Pyrrha; xv.

121

THE SATIRES
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Navigio montem ascendit sortesque poposcit,
Paulatimque anima caluerunt mollia saxa
Et maribus nudas ostendit Pyrrha puellas,

SAT. I.

85 Quidquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas,
Gaudia, discursus, nostri est farrago libelli.
Et quando uberior vitiorum copia? quando
Major avaritiæ patuit sinus? alea quando
Hos animos? Neque enim loculis comitantibus itur
90 Ad casum tabulæ, posita sed luditur arca.
Prolia quanta illic dispensatore videbis

30.

Armigero! Simplexne furor, sestertia centum

Amphictyonis temporibus aquarum illuvies mojorem populorum Græciæ partem absumpsit. Superfuerunt, quos refugia montium receperunt, aut qui ad regem Thessaliæ Deucalionem ratibus evecti sunt: a quo propterea genus humanum conditum dicitur; Just. ii. 6. PR. Ov. Met. i. 264 sqq. He was son of Prometheus and Clymene. GR.

82. Parva rate; Ον. κιβωτῷ, λάρνακι, in the ark.' HN. The fable is a corruption of sacred history. PR.

The mountain' is Lycorea, one of the two peaks of Parnassus. R.

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The answers of the Delphian oracle' were anciently given by lots:' oracula verius dicuntur, quæ vaticinatione funduntur, sed et sortes, quæ ducuntur. Cic. de Div. ii. 33. Sometimes sortes signified oracular answers' in general, dictæ per carmina sortes; Hor. A. P. 403. auxilium placuit per sacras quærere sortes; Ov. precibus oracula poscas; Virg, E. iii. 456. poscens responsa; Sil. i. 121. PR. M. R. [Livy xxi, 62, n. ED.] The responses at this time were given by Themis: Ov. VS.

83. Saxa ponere duritiem cœpere, suumque rigorem, mollirique mora, mollitaque ducere formam: Ov. M. This story is supposed to have been suggested by the fanciful derivation of ads from λάας. R.

84. The lapides Pyrrhæ jacti (Virg. E. vi. 41.) produced women. was the daughter of Epimetheus and Pyrrha Asia. GRE.

86. Discursus their different pursuits.' But see v. 21. R.

Farrago (see note on Pers. v. 77.) ' a mixture, hodge-podge, olio.' M.

87. Collecta vitia post tot ætates diu in

Senec. Oct. GR.
nos redundant, sæculo premimur gravi:
Horace were verified, atas parentum,
The predictions of
pejor avis, tulit nos nequiores, mox daturos
progeniem vitiosiorem; III Od. vi. fin.
See 147 sqq. vi. 292. R.

lap' of the gown; others' the bellying' of
88. Some take sinus to signify the
cf. 149 sq.
the sail, or a spread of canvas.' PR. R.

Alea; cf. Pers. v. 57. PR. vetita leUnderstand habuit: hos may mean tot, or gibus alea; Hor. III Od. xxiv. 58. equivalent to tantas vires, such spirit Romanos; R. or hos animos is perhaps and vigour.' M.

chest itself.' PR.
89. Loculus a purse;' arca the money

countrymen as no longer strenuous in
90. A sarcastic reflection on his fellow-
other battles. LU.

bearer,' as carrying money, dice, dice91. With his steward for armourbox, and tables. VS. vii. 219. xiv. 4 sq. R.

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92. A hundred sestertia.' The sestertius about 1ąd. The sestertium= If a numeral agrees with sestertii, it de1000 sestertii=about £8. 1s. 6d. (1) notes so many sestertii, as decem sestertii. (2) If the genitive plural of sestertii is joined with a numeral in another case, sertertium it denotes so many thousand, as decem 10,000 sestertii. joined with a numeral adverb, it denotes (3) If so many hundred thousand, as (4) The numeral adverb by itself has decies sestertium = 1,000,000 sestertii. the same meaning, as decies = 1,000,000 sestertii 1,000 sesterces. KN. AD. Seswith which mille or millia is generally tertium is always the contracted genitive,

Perdere et horrenti tunicam non reddere servo? Quis totidem erexit villas? quis fercula septem 95 Secreto cœnavit avus? Nunc sportula primo Limine parva sedet, turbæ rapienda togatæ. Ille tamen faciem prius inspicit et trépidat, ne Suppositus venias ac falso nomine poscas. Agnitus accipies. Jubet a præcone vocari 100 Ipsos Trojugenas: nam vexant limen et ipsi "Da Prætori, da deinde Tribuno!

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Nobiscum.

Sed libertinus prior est." "Prior" inquit "ego adsum.
Cur timeam dubitemve locum defendere, quamvis

understood; sestertia occurs only in poets.
F. [Livy xxviii, 9, 8. ED.]

93. Scis comitem horridulum trita donare lacerna; Pers. i. 54. PR. shivering with cold,' as in Ov. A. A. ii. 213. Reddere for dare. R.

94. Cf. xiv. 86 sqq. R. Patinas canabat omasi; Hor. I Ep. xv. 34. In atrio, et duobus ferculis, epulabantur antiqui; Cato. Ferculum, according to Nonius, was a course.' vii. 184. xi. 64. R.

95. Fuit illa simplicitas antiquorum in cibo capiendo, ut maximis viris prandere et canare in propatulo verecundiæ non esset: nec sane ullas epulas habebant, quas populi oculis subjicere erubescerent; Val. Max. II. v. 5. PR.

Quis avus who of our ancestors?' LU. The old republicans used to admit to supper the clients, who attended them from the forum. Under the emperors this laudable custom was abolished, and ' a little basket' of meat given to each of them to carry home. Nero ordered a small sum of money to be distributed instead of meat, and Domitian brought back the former practice: Suet. Ner. 16. Dom. 4. 7. Perhaps it was subsequently left optional, for here we find that money was again distributed. The sum was a hundred quadrantes, about 20d. sterling. G. v. 120. iii. 127 sqq. 249 sqq. Mart. I. Ixi. III. vii. xiv. 3. VIII. 1. 10. X. xxvii. 3. lxxv. 11. A. T. PR. R.

96. Vestibulum ante ipsum primoque in limine; Virg. Æ. ii. 469. vi. 427. R. Sedet; ii. 120. R. zuras, see note 18 on Herod. vii. 198.

'The dole's being snatched' or 'scrambled for' denotes their half-starved condition. Togata may mean 'Roman'

emphatically; cf. v. 100. Prop. IV. ii. 56. Virg. Æ. i. 282. but more probably is used contemptuously, as the toga was no longer worn by respectable persons. See note on v. 3. ii. 70. iii. 127. vii. 136. 142. viii. 49. Hor. I S. ii. 63. 82. Mart. II. lvii. 5. &c. R.

97. See note on v. 62. The meanness of the patron is strongly marked by his superintending the distribution ' in person.'

99. Agnoscere to recognize' is said of one known before; cognoscere' to become acquainted with,' of a stranger. R.

The crier' was properly called nomenclator; it was his office to announce the names of morning visitors, arrange them in order of precedence, &c. PL.

100. The patricians of the greater clans,' VS. who claimed descent from Æneas and the Trojans: cf. viii. 41 sqq. 181. xi. 95. so Troïades; Pers. i. 4. R.

Limen terere; Mart. X. x. 2. ' to wear.' R. furesque feræque suetæ hunc vexare locum; Hor. I S. viii. 17. M. 'to pester.'

101. sqq. R.

With us poor folk.' cf. iii. 128
Mart. X. x. 1 sqq. PR.

Da &c. These are either the orders of the patron to his steward, or the importunities of the needy patricians. PR. R.

Prætor dictus quod exercitui præeat: est et magistratus juredicundo præpositus; Varro. The tribune' might be either 'military' or 'plebeian.' PR. Of the lat ter, there were originally yo, afterwards ten. The prætor urbanu as a magistrate nearly answering to the Lord Mayor' of London. M.

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102. First come, first served.' G. Libertini are enfranchised slaves, M. and the same as liberti; they are called liberti when the patron's name is added. R.

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