. is that the fuffers on his account; fhe affures him that to do his pleasure has been, and ever fhall be, her chief happinefs, and that she is ready to meet death for his fake. Language like this muft have been either the refult of warm and fincere affection, or of womanifh fears; her fubfequent conduct will fcarcely permit us to adopt the latter fufpicion. After a fhort confinement at Ghent fhe made her efcape in man's clothes, and mounting a horfe in this difguife did not alight till fhe reached Antwerp. Here the refumed the habit of her fex, and purfued her journey to Holland. The Duke of Burgundy followed her with a formidable power. Undaunted the appeared at the head of her troops, led them in perfon to the fiege of Haerlem, and underwent all the fatigues of a fevere campaign, with a refolution that amply compenfated for the abfence of mafculine ftrength and a more robuft frame. Glocefter's defertion of her, and the death of the Duke of Brabant, releafed her at once from all engagements; and the furvived about ten years, in peace and fecurity, a treaty, by which the inftituted her coufin, the Duke of Burgundy, heir to all her poffeilions." The Maid and Batard of Orleans are thus introduced, when the author is relating the declining ftate of the English interest in France: Among many incidents which had confpired to produce a change in the face of affairs, the late fingular facceffes of the Maid of Orleans were certainly not the leaft important. Her extraordinary miffion, and the rest of thofe marvellous forgeries which formed the texture of her myfterious story, whether they are to be confidered as the dreams of a vifionary enthusiast, or the bold fictions of an enlightened politician, were well calculated to infpire her countrymen with confidence, and give new vigour to their arms: and, however ill founded the terror of her name may have been, it ftruck fo unverfal an awe into the English foldiers, that they deferted in large bodies”. No lefs than three proclamations were iffued in one year to check this fpirit of defection, which was communicated even to the troops not yet embarked for the French coaft. "The perfevering courage and mafterly conduct of the Battard of Orleans confummated the great work which the fortunate but short-lived efforts of this enterprizing heroine began. He has been celebrated by contemporary writers as one of the braveft and moit fkilful captains of his age. After having fignalized himself in all the brilliant actions of this period, and wound up the clue of his military fame by the recovery of the whole province of Guyenne to the French crown, he died full of years, and to the titles of Count of Dunois and Longue-ville, added the glorious appellation of the Deliverer of his Country §. The *The effects of Joan's termagant spirit were not, if we may believe a contemporary writer, reftrained to her enemies. She had been a very fhort time in poffeffion of the word which the boasted to have been difcovered to her by divine revelation, when the broke it upon two or three loofe followers of the camp; much to her fovereign's diffatisfaction, who chidingly told har, that he should rather have taken a good flick to them. Il y avoit (fays this author) plufieurs femmes debauchees, qui empechoient les gens d'armes de faire diligence au fervice du roi; quoi voyant icelle Jeanne, elle tira fon epee, et en battit deux ou trois tant qu'elle rompit fa dite epce: dont le roi fut bien deplaifant, lui difant qu'elle devoit avoir pris un bon baton, et frapper delius, fans abandonne rainfi celle epec, qui lui etoit venue devinement, comme elle difoit." Hift. of Charles VII. by Jean Chatrier, p. 29, in D. Godefroy's Collection. The punishment inflicted on deferters at this time was, imprisonment during the King's pleafure, with lofs of horfes and accoutrements; but this mild penalty being found ineffectual, a law was enacted in the eighteenth of this reign, by which defertion, after a foldier had once been mustered, was made felony.-Act. Pub. and Statutes at large. Chatrier, De Coucy, Bouvier, and others collected and published by D. Godefroy. Hall, in his Chronicle, fol. 104, reports, that this Baftard was a natural fon of the Duke of Orleans, by the wife of the Lord Cawny, conftable of one of the Duke's cattles on the frontier towards Artois; and that, upon the death of his parents, the next of kin to the Lord Cawny challenged the inheritance; that, in conclufion, the matter was brought before the prefidents of the parliament of Paris, and there remained in litigation till the boy was eight years of age; when, on a day appointed for a final hearing, the infant hero being afked whole fon he was, contrary to the leftons and expectations of his mother's friends, boldly replied, "My heart giveth me and my noble courage telleth me, that I am the fon of the noble Duke of Orleans; more glad to be his baftard with a mean The author's ftyle, as our readers will perceive from thefe extracts, is feldom harsh, generally neat, and frequently vigorous. To this work are added feven appendices. The first exhibits a Latin letter from Chichelè to the Pope, with the Preces regie Domino Papa, tranfcribed from the manufcripts in Lambeth palace. The fecond contains the Archbishop's defense against the charges of his rival. In the third, we find an epiftle from Chichelè to King Henry, taken from Duck's life. The fourth is the charter of the foundation of AllSouls College. The fifth prefents us with the bull of Eugenius. The fixth affords a lift of the purchafes and made for the original fcite of the colgrants lege. The feventh, after an account of the ftone and timber employed in the building, informs us, that the work men were the ableft that could be procured. Mafons were hired, in the fourth year of the building of the college, from London, and the diftant counties of Norfolk and Suffolk: who 257 appear to have been well-fkilled in their art, fince they were foon fent for, by the King's mandate, to affift in rewages of the different perfons occupied pairing his caftle of Windfor. The in carrying on this work, were, to carpenters and fawyers, fix pence a day mafons, eight pence-ftone-diggers and common labourers, four pence halfpenny-joiners from fix pence to eight pence-dawber, five pence-mattera-week-carvers and image makers, carpenter, three fhillings and four pence four fhillings and eight pence a-week, bed and board found them. A womanlabourer, three pence a-day. windows were glazed at one fhilling a The foot. the mechanic and the labourer, at the "From this detail of the wages of period under confideration, they will appear to have been, after allowing for from the diminution in the coin, and the decrease of value in money, both the great influx of fpecie fince that period, nearly double of what they are at prefent." PHILOSOPHY. TO THE EDITOR OF THE LONDON MAGAZINE. As you have propofed to give an It is well known, that, by mixing fome liquids with others, heat or cold are produced; and that the like often happens when folids are diffolved in liquids. Several confiderations had led me to imagine that this was alfo the cafe when folid or liquid fubftances are diffolved by the air. Dr. Wilfon and others obferved, during the intenfe cold in January, 1781, that at the furface of the fnow the cold was many degrees greater than in the body of the fnow, or higher up in the air, and profeffed themfelves unable to account LOND. MAG. Sept. 1783. for fo remarkable a phenomenon. That gently about a quarter of a pint of wa- living, than the lawful fon of that cowardly cuckold Cawny, with his four thousand crowns." A paffage which I have been induced to mention, rather from the refemblance it bears to fome circumtances in Shakespeare's interefting character of Falconbridge, than from any conviction of its thenticity. the bottle, fo as not to touch the water, and it presently funk feveral degrees: : then letting the bulb fink down into the water the mercury foon returned to its former height.. It appears from this, that, by the folution of water in air, cold is produced, in the fame manner as when fal ainmoniac or nitre is diffolved in water. Now, as evaporation depends, in part at least, on the folution of the liquid by the fuperincumbent air, part of the cold produced by evaporation muft depend on folution. I tried the experiment with fpirit of wine, ether, and fpirit of turpentine; and cold was produced in the air after agitation, though more by fome of thefe than by others. The cold at the furface of the fnow, therefore, probably proceeded from the folution of the fnow by the air. Ard thofe who are acquainted with the new doctrine concerning heat, will fee that a greater degree of cold must be produced by the folution of fnow in air, than of water. kinds of air; and it may be worth I am, Sir, Great Marlborough-ftreet, P. S. I fome time ago began a As this is a new field, thofe who have leifure (for I have not at prefent) would do well to profecute the experiment with various fubftances, and note the degrees of cold produced, as is already done with regard to the folution of folids in liquids. They may alfo make the experiment in different *The heat in combuftion, for example, is produced by the folution of phlogifton in air. O record deferiptions of eminent men forms no inconfiderable province of in the duty which we owe the Public, if we omitted the following traits, which marked the character of Mr. William Bewley, who was at once a learned and a virtuous member of fociety. He died on the 5th of September, 1783, while he was paying a vifit at the house of his friend Dr. Burney, in St. Martin's-street, London, at the age of fifty-feven years. His fancy retained its wonted livelinefs: his ardour for acquiring knowledge continued unabated; and his faculties were in full vigour, until a few hours before his diffolution. The few, who enjoyed the happinefs of his acquaintance, will perufe, with pleafure, this attempt to delineate his virtues and his talents. The knew him by reputation, will eagerly attend to this fhort character. many, who The circle of his acquaintance was fmall: which was occafioned by his diffidence, as well as by a refidence of thirty years in fo retired a fituation as Maffingham. Juftly, however, was he esteemed an ornament to the literary world, and, on account of the general tenor of his purfuits, we have alligned a place to this character, in the department of our Mifcellany allotted to philofophical fubjects. CHARACTER 1 CHARACTER OF THE PHILOSOPHER OF MASSINGHAM, R. WILLIAM BEWLEY, of were not more In his profeffion, as apothecary and furgeon, he was skilful, tender, and humane. His lofs will be feverely felt in the neighbourhood where he refided. His literary abilities* diftinguished than his knowledge in all the various branches of medicine; while the fuccefs of his labours was as remarkable as the integrity of his man ners. He was a warm friend, and an excellent husband. The few who enjoyed the pleasure of his familiar correfpondence will bear witnefs to the diverfified and entertaining talents which every letter difplayed. His ftyle might be confidered as a model for epiftolary compofitions: at once eafy and elegant: learned without pedantry, pleasant without affectation. Mr. Bewley had naturally a fine ear, and was particularly fond of mufic. He was not only an excellent judge of SOLON. 259 compofitions, but alfo a good per- an infatiable curiofity after whatever --With his latest breath, In the last century, Hobbes, whole ་་་ AN *Such readers of this little fketch of Mr. Bewley's character, as may have been unacquainted with his literary and fcientin: abilities, will naturally inquire, what were the productions of his pen? To this we can, at prefent, only anfwer, that they were, for the most part, anonymous; though well known, and much admired, in the circle of his learned acquaintance.-By the difcerning public, too, they were fufficiently diftinguished, though the writer was unknown; and ftill, from certain motives of peculiar delicacy,, which fubfifted during his life, and yet fublift, we are forbidden to point them out, at this time. At a future opportunity we may, perhaps, find ourselves at liberty to communicate fome particulars concerning them to the readers of the London Magazine, and through that channel to the learned world in general. AN ACCOUNT OF THE AEROSTATICAL BALL WHICH HAS LATELY BEEN MADE TO ASCEND UP INTO THE AIR AT PARIS, AND THE PRINCIPLES ON WHICH IT IS CONSTRUCTED; TOGETHER WITH A SHORT HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERIES THAT HAVE LED TO THEM. HERE is not, perhaps, any branch of natural philofophy that has more engaged the attention of the learned, or that has been more fuccefsfully cultivated than the nature and properties of common air. The fludy of it muft, indeed, have been coeval with mankind, as it could not long efcape his notice that it was abfolutely neceffary to his own exiftence, as well as to that of fire and vegetable life. Its lefs obvious properties, however, elafticity and gravitation, were not difcovered until the beginning of the laft century, when LORD BACON and GALILLO applied themfelves to the ftudy of this element. The former, by many experiments, difcovered its elafticity; and the latter that it had weight, and confequently was fubject, with other bodies, to the laws of gravitation. TORRICELLI, the pupil of Galileo, by, one happy and decifive experiment, difcovered the preffure of the atmofphere; and PASCALL obferved that this preffure varied according to the heights to which he carried his barometer. But, all this time it was not fufpected that there were feveral kinds of this fluid, the properties of which were totally different from one another. It was the celebrated Mr. BoYLE, who, from a thorough conviction of the vaft importance air is of to animal life, was trying a number of experiments to produce it by art; and found, that though he could, from a variety of fubftances, as well mineral and animal as vegetable, produce a permanent elaftic fluid (till then the only criterion of air) yet found, alfo, that these new productions were effentially different from common air, in as much as they prefently extinguished flame, and fuffocated thofe animals that attempted to breathe them. But this difcovery, interefting as it must have appeared, feems to have been little attended to at that time; how ever, fome hints dropped by SIR ISAAC NEWTON in the 30th and 31ft queries, published at the end of his book on optics, were fufficient inducement to the late worthy and ingenious Dr. HALES to refume thefe experiments, in the courfe of which he confirmed, and greatly extended the discoveries of MR. BOYLE; as he not only fhewed that air enters, in very large quantities, into the compofition of moft bodies, but alfo the proportion it bore to the rest of the compofition. It does not, however, appear that this excellent philofopher apprehended that the fluid he thus produced differed from common atmospheric air. Two of these kinds of factitious air, or at least the effects of them, have been long known. One formerly called mephitic, but now generally known by the name of fixed air, is the fame with that firft difcovered by MR. BOYLE; and which SIR JOHN PRINGLE, DR. MACERIDE, DR. BROWNRIGG, MR. LANE, and others, have, in fome cafes, applied fo fuccefsfully in medicine. This air has been found by the Honourable Mr. HENRY CAVENDISH to be heavier than common air, in the proportion of 2 to 1, in confequence of which the common air floats upon it, and it is not found but in the bottoms of mines, where it is known to the miners by the name of the choke-damp. The other has generally been known to philofophers by the name of inflammable air; and has lately been fufpected by the Rev. DR. WATSON and MR. KIRWAN to constitute that principle in bodies, ufually called phlo-giton; and thefe fufpicions have been further confirmed by experiments made for that purpofe by DR. PRIESTLEY. Until within thefe few years little has been known concerning the propertics of this fpecies of air, except that a very fubtile fluid, very liable to take fire, and explode like gun powder, |