Chief Towns.

Kuching, the capital, population about 25,000, on the Sarawak River, about 23 miles inland (N. lat. 1° 33' 10", E. long. 110° 20′ 13′′), besides excellent Government offices and Court House, possesses a hospital, and a museum with a complete collection of exhibits relating to Borneo. The Bishop of Labuan and Sarawak has his headquarters there, and has a mission school with 300 scholars, and also a girls' school. The Roman Catholics also have a mission there, with a boys' school under two resident priests, and a girls'school under the sisters.

The S.P.G., and Roman Catholic Mission have stations at various other places all over the Country.

Sibu, on the Rejang River, has a large population of Chinese traders, who exchange European goods for jungle produce. The river has a native population estimated at 90,000. The Chinese here trade direct with Singapore, as well as with Kuching. Muka, a large town on the Muka River, near its mouth, is devoted to the production of sago, the stems of the sago palm being cut in the upper reaches of the river and floated down to the town, where the pith is extracted and beaten, to be carried in native schooners to Kuching, to be cleaned.

Other towns are Bintulu, Oya, Kapit, Baram Simanggang, Sadong, Trusan, Limbang, Lawas, Matu, Sarebas, Kalaka, Lundu, Miri.

Communications.

Vessels of the Sarawak Steamship Company Limited provide a service every 10 days between Kuching and Singapore; and a coasting service is maintained by that Company and by the Government.

Local.-To any place in the country, 4 cents per 2 oz., and 5 cents to Singapore. Inland post cards 2 cents.

Foreign. The same as from Singapore (Sarawak stamps).

Since 1st July, 1897, letters come in direct bag from London, but vid Singapore.

Wireless installations have been erected at Kuching, Sadong, Sibu, and Miri, which are in communication with Singapore.

Sources of Revenue.

The principal sources of revenue are the opium, gambling, arrack, and pawn farms, producing in 1919, $682,762; in 1920, $564,576; and in

1921, $597,259; Customs and Royalties on Oil.

Harbour, buoy, and light dues :-Three cents per ton, payable on arrival, and chargeable to all vessels of five tons and upwards.

The taxes levied are:- Exemption, $2 per annum, payable by Malays; $1 per annum per door, payable by sea Dyaks; $2 per annum for every able-bodied land Dyak.

The total amount of Dyak and Malay Revenue for the year 1918 was $102,243; 1920, $98,179; and 1921, $96,153.

The weights are, 1 picul 2 tons 7 cwt. 2 qrs. 18 lbs.

=

Statistics.

133 lbs.; 1 coyan =

Posts and Telegraphs.

9,908,732

11,540,190

23,957,953

Insp

Sarawak joined the Postal Union on 1st July,

1920

19,858,700

22,388,074

1921

15,248,749

18,454,592

There are roads only around the capital and thence to Upper Sarawak (about 25 miles). To open up country in the vicinity of the capital where communication by water is not available about 10 miles of railway has been constructed and is open for traffic, and a further 10 miles is in course of construction to be increased gradually hereafter; otherwise, internal communication is entirely by means of the numerous rivers, which form natural highways and byways, by which any point in the country can be reached in steam launches or boats.

1st Divisional Medical Officer, Dr. J. G. Reed, M.R.C.S., L.R. C.P., $5,400.

3rd Divisional Medical Officer, Dr. E. M. Marjoribanks, L.R. C. P. & S., $6,000.

Medical Officer and Pathologist, Dr. E. J. O'Driscoll, M. B., B.Ch., &c., &c., $6,000. Assistant Treasurer, P. H. Hayward, $4,080. Officer Commanding, Sarawak Rangers, Captain Stuart Cunynghame, $6,720.

Gunnery Instructor, Colour-Sergt. W. T. Clark, late of the Royal Marine Light Infantry, $4,440 (local rank of lieutenant).

Superintendent of Police, O. Lang, $6,480. Editor, Sarawak Gazette," J. B. Archer (acting). Curator, Museum, Dr. E. Mjöberg, $6,000. Superintendent Engineer, W. Service, $6,600. Manager, Government Coal Mines, Brooketon, J. O. Maddocks, $6,300.

Manager, Government Coal Mines, Sadong, J. W. Evans, $6,600.

Magistrate, Court of Requests, J. B. Archer (acting), $4,800.

Registrar, Supreme Court, H. A. Adams, $6,720.
Chief Health Officer, Dr. O. G. F. Luhn, M.A.,
M.B., Ch. B. (Oxon), D.P.H., $9,000.
Municipal Officer, K. H. Gillan, $5,040.
Auditor, H. Calvert, $3,900.

Manager Wireless Telegraph and Telephone
Department, J. R. Barnes, $7,200.
Superintendent of Prisons, Capt. Stuart Cun-
ynghame.

ADVISORY COUNCIL IN ENGLAND.

Bertram Brooke (H.H. the Tuan Muda).
H. F. Deshon (late Resident 1st Division).
C. H. Willes Johnson

Charles Hose (late Resident 3rd Division).
Offices: Millbank House, Westminster, S.W.
Secretary: J. F. Rowlatt.

3rd

$5,760.

1st

$5,760.

Passed Cadets, W. F. Dick, E. V. Andreini, E. O. Bruce, R. D. Horton, F. G. Carpenter, each $3,120; G. B. Stooke, H. E. Cutfield, G. T. M. MacBryan, R. E. Le Sueur, R. V. Palfreman, each $2,880; R. L. Daubeny, $2,640. Cadet, E. D. Humphery, $2,400. Treasurer, 3rd Division, W. H. Jacques, $5,175. 4th W. Cotterill, $4,080. Superintendent of Public Works, C. P. Lowe, $10,285.

Assistant Engineer, P. W. D., A. S. Lowe, M.C.,
B.Sc., $4,800.

Conservator of Forests, J. P. Mead, $7,200.
Assistant, Forest Department, R. A. Miller-
Hallett, $3,300.
Postmaster-General

and Superintendent of

Customs, F. G. Day, $9,000. Superintendent of Lands and Surveys, H. B. - Crocker, $9,000.

Assistant, Land and Survey Department, C. S. Griffiths, $6,000.

Principal Medical Officer, W. E. Le Gros Clark, F.R.C.S., $7,200.

OTHER MISCELLANEOUS

POSSESSIONS.

ADEN.

The peninsula of Aden is situated in lat. 12° 47' N. and long. 45° 10′ E., about 100 miles east of the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, on the Arabian coast. The Settlement (the total area of which, exclusive of Perim, is 75 square miles) consists of two old craters forming rocky peninsulas :-Aden proper (area 21 square miles) on the south, and Little Aden (area 15 square miles) on the west-and a flat strip of coast, about three miles broad and known as Shaikh Othman (area 39 square miles). The peninsulas form the horns of a bay called Aden Back Bay, which is about eight miles broad from east to west and about four miles deep. Its entrance is about three miles across. The native town of Aden is situated on the east of the Aden peninsula, opposite a gap in the crater walls. On the west side of the peninsula, some four miles from the town, is Steamer Point, off which the large steamers lie. The highest point of the peninsula is 1,776 feet above sea level. The average annual rainfall is about 3 inches, and the maximum is about 8 inches. The climate is very hot, especially during the summer months. Aden is an important coaling station, and also an entrepôt for the trade with Arabia. The exports consist of coffee, gums, skins and hides, cotton goods, dyes, feathers, spices, etc. The population

is about 45,000, of whom about 35,000 live in Aden peninsula. The settlement has hitherto been subject to the Government of Bombay, being presided over by a Resident, who is also commander of the troops in the garrison.

Aden, after being a trade centre under its native kings, became subject in succession to the Abyssinians and Persians. In 1538 it was captured by the Turks, who lost it some years later, but captured it again in 1551 and held it until they were expelled from the Yemen in 1630. The Aden peninsula was occupied by the British in 1839, and in 1868 Little Aden was obtained by purchase. The coastal strip between the two peninsulas was secured by purchases in 1882 and 1888.

The Aden Protectorate, to the north and northeast of Aden, has an area of about 9,000 square miles and a population of over 100,000.

PERIM, a bare rocky island, five square miles in area, with a population of about 1,200, lies in the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, about 14 miles from the south-west corner of Arabia. It possesses a good harbour on the south-west side, with an entrance 860 yards in breadth. It was occupied by the British in 1799, but subsequently abandoned, and was only re-occupied in 1857, when the overland route to India made the position important. It is a coaling and cable station, and forms part of the

Settlement of Aden.

SOCOTRA, an island situated about 150 miles E.N.E. of Cape Guardafui, in 12° 19′-12° 42′ N. lat., and 53° 21-53° 30′ E. long, and lying in the direct route to India, has been since 1876 under the Government of Aden, which pays a small subsidy to the Sultan of Keshin, to whom it belonged. It is famous for its aloes. The population of the island is about 12,000. It is rather less than 100 miles from east to west and about 30 miles broad. Its interior is mountainous. It was formally placed under British protection by agreement with the Sultan in October, 1886, together with the neighbouring Abdal Kute and Bromers Islands.

TRISTAN DA CUNHA.

Tristan da Cunha is the principal of a group of islands lying in lat. 37° 6' S. long., 12° 2' W. It was taken possession of by a military force during the residence of Napoleon at St. Helena. Upon his death the garrison was withdrawn, with the exception of three men, who, with certain shipwrecked sailors, became the founders of the present settlement. For a long time only one of the settlers had a wife, but subsequently the others contracted with a sea captain to bring them wives from St. Helena. The population is about 100. The inhabitants practically enjoy their possessions in common, and there is no strong drink on the island, and no crime. It was at one time proposed to give them laws and a regular government, but this was found unnecessary for the above reasons, and they remain under the moral rule of their oldest inhabitant.

The inhabitants are spoken of as long-lived, healthy, moral, religious, and hospitable to strangers. A supply of stores and provisions was provided out of a grant voted by Parliament, and sent out by a man-of-war in 1886, nearly all the able-bodied men having been drowned while attempting to board a vessel in December, 1885.

In the way of live stock, the inhabitants have between them about 400 head of cattle, about 700 sheep, about 50 pigs, and an abundance of poultry. Potatoes do well, and a good crop is got annually.

Apple trees and peach trees are in fair number, and bear well; there are also a few fig trees, but they do not fruit. The tree of the island, which apparently is a juniper, and upon which the islanders are dependent for their wood for fuel, is getting scarce in the neighbourhood of settlement, but is abundant further off, and there is no fear of supply failing.

In January, 1904, the island was visited by H.M.S. "Odin" in order to ascertain whether the islanders would accept the offer of the Cape Government to settle them in the Cape Colony, but out of eleven families only three families elected to go. The islanders are liable from time to time to privations. In March, 1907, owing to information indicating probability of failure of supplies, relief was sent by His Majesty's Government by the "Greyhound," chartered at Cape Town. On this occasion also the inhabitants were unwilling to leave the island, and the Rev. island in April, 1906, reported that though there J. G. Barrow, a clergyman who had gone to the is sure to be privation from time to time, it does not cause absolute distress. (See correspondence presented to Parliament in Cd. 3098 and Cd. 3764.)

January, February, and March are the best months for visiting the island. It is in these months that weather at times becomes so settled that the islanders are able to make visits to Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands, which are some 25 miles off. They also are often able to visit these islands in November.

MISCELLANEOUS ISLANDS

A number of islands and rocks throughout the world are British territory, or under British protection, but are not included in any Colony or separate Protectorate. Many of these have no permanent inhabitants, but are, or have been, leased by the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury for guano collection, or for coconut planting. The rents are paid into the Exchequer. Among such may be mentioned the Ashmore Group (Indian Ocean), Bird Island and Cato Island (in the Norfolk Island Group), Sombrero (West Indies, with a Board of Trade Lighthouse costing 5207. annually) Raine Island, Bell Cay and Bramble Cay (near British New Guinea), Caroline Island, Flint Island and Vostoc Island, (Pacific Ocean, 9° 56′ S. lat., 150° 6′ W. long., and 11° 26' S. lat., and 151° 48′ W. long.), Malden Island (4° 1' S. lat., 155° 57′ W. long.), leased to Messrs. Grice, Sumner, and Co., and Starbuck Island; also Gough, Nightingale and Inaccessible Islands (in the S. Atlantic), and there are many others.

The Great and Little Basses and Minicoy are small islets in the Indian Ocean, with lighthouses maintained by the Board of Trade out of shipping dues levied on vessels passing, and collected at Ceylon, Mauritius, Straits, and Indian ports.

The Kuria-Muria Islands, five in number, off the south-east coast of Arabia, were ceded by the Imam of Muskat for the purpose of landing the Red Sea telegraph cable.

Amboyna Cay and Sprattley Island (lat. 8° 38' N., 111° 54′ E. long.; lat. 7° 52′ N., 112° 55′ E. long.), two uninhabited sandbanks in the middle of the China Sea, lying about 240 miles N.W. of Borneo and 100 miles N. of Labuan, were annexed in 1877, and leased for guano collection. They are annually visited by Chinese junks for the purpose of collecting turtle.

1920.

Churchill, Major The Right Hon. Winston Leonard Spencer, 1907.

Cook, G.C.M.G., The Right Hon. Sir Joseph, 1914. Davies, K.C.M.G., The Right Hon. Sir Louis Henry, 1919.

Doherty, K.C., D.C.L., LL.D., The Right Hon.
Charles Joseph, 1920.

Duff, The Right Hon. Lyman Poore, 1919.
Fisher, The Right Hon. Andrew, 1911.
Fitzpatrick, G.C.M.G., The Right Hon. Sir
Charles, 1908.

Foster, G.C.M.G., The Right Hon. Sir George
Eulas, 1916.

Hughes, The Right Hon. William Morris, 1916. Innes, K.C.M.G., The Right Hon. Sir James Rose, 1915.

Isaacs, The Right Honourable Isaac Alfred, 1921. Islington, G.C.M.G., D.S.O., The Right Hon. Baron, 1911.

Knox, LL.B., K.C.M.G., The Right Honourable Sir Adrian, 1920.

Liverpool, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.B.E., M.V.O., The Right Hon. the Earl of, 1917.

Lugard, G.C.M.G,, C.B., D.S.O., Colonel The Right Honourable Sir Frederick John Dealtry, 1920.

Albu, Sir George, 1912.

Bailey, K.C.M.G., Sir Abe, 1919.!

Massey, The Rt. Hon. William Ferguson, 1914. Meighen, M.P., The Right Hon. Arthur, 1920. Merriman, The Right Hon. John Xavier, 1909. Milner, K.G., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., The Rt. Hon. Viscount, 1901.

Moor, D.C.L., K.C.M.G., The Right Hon. Sir Frederick Robert, 1907.

Morris, K.C.M.G., The Right Hon. Baron, 1911.

Pearce, Senator, The Right Honourable George Foster, 1921.

Seely, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., Major-General The Rt. Hon. John Edward Bernard, 1909. Smartt, K.C.M.G., The Right Honourable Sir Thomas William, 1921.

Smuts, C.H., Lieut-General The Rt. Hon. Jan Christiaan, 1917.

Stout, K.C.M.G., The Right Honourable Sir Robert, 1921.

Tennyson, D.C.L., G.C.M.G., The Right Hon. Baron, 1905.

Ward, Bart., K.C.M.G., The Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, 1907.

Watt, The Right Honourable William Alexander, 1920.

White, K.C.M.G., The Right Honourable Sir William Thomas, 1920.

Meredith, Sir Henry Vincent, 1916. Phillips, Sir Lionel, 1912.

Flavelle, Sir Joseph Wesley, 1917.

Graaff, The Hon. Sir David Pieter de Villiers, 1911.

Ramsay, 1917.

Ward, K.C.M.G., The Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, 1911.

nand, 1900.

Just, K.C.M.G., Sir Hartmann Wolfgang, 1902. Kemball, K.C.M.G., D.S.O., Major-General Sir George Vero, 1903.

Lambert, K.C.M.G., Sir Henry Charles Miller, 1910.

Marsh, C.M.G., C.V.O., Edward Howard, 1918.
Read, K.C.M.G., Sir Herbert James, 1914.
Risley, K.C., John Shuckburgh, 1912.
Strachey, Charles, 1920.

Thompson, D.Litt., D'Arcy Wentworth, 1898.

1923.

Borden, LL.D., Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Laird, 1914. Bosanquet, G.C.V.O., K.C.B., Admiral Sir Day Hort, 1914.

Buxton, P.C., Rt. Hon. Earl, 1914.

Byng of Vimy, G.C.B., M.V.O., General The Rt. Honourable Baron, 1921.

Cave, P.C., The Rt. Hon. Viscount, 1921.
Chancellor, D.S.O., Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John
Robert, 1922.

Chelmsford, P.C., G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., G.B.E.,
The Rt. Hon. Viscount, 1912.
Clifford, Sir Hugh Charles, 1921.

Cook, The Right Honourable Sir Joseph, 1918.
Cox, G.C.I.E., K.C.S.I., Major-General Sir
Percy Zachariah, 1922.

D'Abernon, P.C., The Rt. Hon. Baron, 1917. Denman, P.C., K.C.V.O., Lieut.-Colonel The Rt. Hon. Baron, 1911.

Devonshire, K.G., P.C., G.C.V.O., His Grace the Duke of, 1916.

Dudley, P.C., G.C.B., G.C.V.O., The Rt. Hon. the Earl of, 1908.

Emmott, P.C., G.B.E., The Right Hon. Baron, 1914.

Fiddes, K.C.B., Sir George Vandeleur, 1917.

Fitzpatrick, The Rt. Hon. Sir Charles, 1911.
Forster, P.C., The Rt. Hon. Baron, 1920.
Foster, LL.D., The Rt. Hon. Sir George Eulas,
1918.

Gladstone, P.C., G.C.B., G.B.E., The Rt. Hon.
Viscount, 1910.

Haldane, K. C. B., D.S.O., Lieutenant-General
Sir James Aylmer Lowthrop, 1922.
Irving, Sir Henry Turner, 1888.

Islington, P.C., D.S.O., The Rt. Hon. Baron, 1913.

Kintore, P.C., Colonel the Rt. Hon. the Earl of, 1889.

Kylsant, Baron, 1918.

Lamington, G. C.I.E., Rt. Hon. Baron, 1900. Lansdowne, K. G., P.C., G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., The Most Hon. the Marquess of, 1884.

Le Hunte. Sir George Ruthven, 1912. Lincolnshire, K.G., P.C., the Most Honourable the Marquess of, 1885.

Liverpool, P.C., G.C.B., G.B.E., M.V.O., Rt.
Hon. The Earl of, 1914.

Lugard, C.B., D.S.O., Col. The Rt. Honourable
Sir Frederick John Dealtry, 1911.
Mackenzie, The Hon. Sir Thomas, 1920.
Manning, K.B.E., C.B., Brigadier-General Sir
William Henry, 1921.

Miles, G.C.B.. G.B.E., C.V.O., Lieutenant-
General Sir Herbert Scott Gould, 1916.