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the caufes, which had produced the repeated delays in entering on the bufinefs of the Eat-Indies. Matters were now come to fuch a crifis, that if minifters wished to keep it back, it would itself prefs forward for difcuffion; and it was become abfolutely neceflary to put an end, by a folemn act, to the difficulties exifting in the government of India. He confidered Mr. Pitt, from what he had faid, as pledged to fupport government. He was not without hopes,

that, with care and attention, this coun try might be made to rife as fuperior in finances to all neighbouring nations, as the pride of Englishmen could with. There was one fimple method of railing the credit of a nation; to reduce its expenditure to a level with its income. This was his favourite mode. He concluded by reprobating as abominable the idea of taxing the funds; as tending directly to ruin public credit, by breaking public faith.

ANTIQUITIES.

FOR

THE LONDON MAGAZINE.

ACCOUNT OF TWO ANCIENT OIL-MILLS, DISCOVERED IN POMPEJA AND STABIA.

Simplicius-et Antiquius. TACITUS.

TH THIS curious account is extmated from a foreign Journal, intituled Shezza Adel Commercio di Amfterdam, and published at Neuftad d'Italia. We imagine that we poffefs the only copy which has reached England. In many parts the author's ity le is bold and animated, particularly where he pleads the caufe of his native country, against the attacks of modern travellers.

We honour his patriotifm, but imagine that he muft have ranfacked the Seffions Papers, in order to retaliate the abufes of our countrymen, for fuch an affemblage of vices and crimes could hardly have been collected from any other quarter. The Italians, however, if fame fay true, are not more virtuous than their neighbours; but the knowledge of their vices cannot be fo generally dif feminated, becaufe they have no newspapers.

Of all the Englishmen who have written an account of Italy, our poet Milton, and Dr. Burney, according to this Journalist, are the only two who have given a fair reprefentation of the country, through which they travelled. This is a fevere accufation, but not only the Seffions Papers must have been fcrutinized for intelligence: but every book-ftall from White-Chapel to Hyde-Park Corner must have been rummaged. For to many of the works which he cenfures we are perfect strangers, and are confident that they will now be better known on the continent than they ever have been in England.

ACCOUNT OF TWO ANCIENT OIL-MILLS. Extracted from the Notizie Enciclopediche of Milan, Number XXXVII. Page 171, for the Year 1782.

HE fame of the two oil-mills dif

SI è fparfa con rapidità la fama to I covered, one in the ancient Pom

due molini di olio, uno fcoperto nell' antica Pompeja, l' altro negli fcavi di Stabia nel regno di Napoli. Sino dall' anno fcorfo ne fecero onorata menzione i fogli di Venezia e di Firenze; ma al prefente fiamo avvertiti da un faggio offervatore come la defcrizione già fatta dagli altri eftenfori fia inadeguata, e che la genuina e reale debba confiderarfi la feguente, la quale con piacere annunziamo, trattandoli di una macchina che fa onore all' ingegno

peja, the other in the excavations of Stabia, in the kingdom of Naples, has been rapidly fpread. In the public papers of Venice and Florence of lat year, they were mentioned with high encomiums; but we are now informed, by a judicious obferver, that the defeription given by former delineators is defective, and that the following may be depended on, as true and gemuine. We, therefore, publish it with

pleafure,

e alla femplicità degli Antichi, e il cui valore per la Meccanica non à potuto degenerare, fe non colla perdita di tutte le altre loro fagaci invenzioni, dopo la luttuofa invafione de' Barbari.

Confifte quefta macchina in due sfere, una cava e l'altra intiera, e quefta infcritta in quella, colla differenza che dell' una non ve n'è fe non la metà scavata in forma di gran mortajo in un ceppo di pietra, dell' altra due foli fegmenti della fteffa materia. Per maggiore intelligenza la prima può paragonarfi all'orizzonte nella sfera armillare, i fecondi alle due porzioni di effa sfera tagliate verticalmente da' circoli polari. Il diametro efterno del l'emisfero cavo o fia mortajo è di circa mezza canna napolitana; le labbra, fono groffe di fei dita, per confeguenza il diametro interno è di dodici dita minore del primo, fi crede però che le proporzioni di effo poffono adattarfi alla maggiore o minore durezza della pietra: due accennati fono di lava del Vefuvio, la quale oltre di effere friabile non è della meno porofa.

Dal fondo dell' emisfero cavo l' arte dello fcarpellino à lafciato forgere un cilindro o fia colonnetta di un palmo e fei dita in circa di diametro, e meno di due più alto della periferia o fian labbra del mortajo. Sopra del cilindro fta impiombato un perno di ferro deftinato a far girare un affe di legno coll' anima pure di ferro: all' eftremità di questo dovevano ftare incaftrati i due accennati fegmenti, preffo a poco come le due picciole ruote delle moderne carrozze. Questo appare baftantemente chiaro da una estremità, che fi puo tuttavia offervare non confumata dal fuoco dell' eruzione nel molino di Pompeja; e la quale lungi di effer prolungata, è mozza dove poteva effer l'afficolo. E quefto dì anche luogo da congetturare che per dar moto ai fegmenti doveafi aver immaginato un manubrio o timone tirato da ani

pleasure, as it treats of a machine which does honour to the genius of the ancients, and to the fimplicity of their inventions, and which could not have fallen from its rank as a valuable piece of mechanism, but with the lofs of all their other ingenious difcoveries, after the lamentable invafion of the barbarians.

This machine is compofed of two fpheres, one hollow, the other folid; the convexity of the one being fitted to the concavity of the other; with this difference, that of the one, only half is employed, cut in a block of ftone, in form of a large mortar, of the other, only two fegments of the fame materials. To have a clearer idea, the former may be compared to the horizon in an armillary sphere, the twa latter to the two portions of the fame fphere cut off vertically by the polar circles. The external diameter of the concave hemifphere, or mortar, is about half a Neapolitan ell, the brim is fix inches thick, confequently the internal diameter is twelve inches lefs than the external. We conceive, however, that thefe proportions may be varied, ac cording to the hardnefs of the ftone. The two of which we fpeak, are of the lava of Vefuvius, which is both friable and porous in no inconfiderable degree.

From the bottom of the concave hemifphere rifes a cylinder, or finall column, a palm and fix inches in circumference, and nearly two inches higher than the periphery or brim of the mortar. On the top of the cylinder an iron pivot is fixed with lead, on which turns a wooden axle, ftrengthened by an iron red running through it from end to end. To the extremities of this axle the two fegments ought to be fixed, nearly in the fame manner in which we fix the two fmall wheels of our chariots. This is fufficiently evident from one extremity, which may fill be feen unconfured by the fire of the eruption in the mill of Pompeja. It exhibits no appearance of having been lengthened, but is cut fhort off where the finall part of the axle ought to be. Hence, alio, we may conjecture, that a handle or pole, drawn by

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I vantaggi di quefto molino antico fopra il moderno fono moltiplici. Il perfetto combaciamento della fuperficie concava e conveffa delle due sfere prefenta all' attrito delle olive un numero di punti infinitamente maggiore di quello della tangente della mola o fia rota verticale applicata al cippo del moderno. Il duplice moto poi di rotazione attorno all' affe, e di circonvoJuzione attorno al cilindro, fimile a quello de' pianeti moltiplica ogni iftante i punti di attrito ne' due fegmenti e abbrevia a proporzione i tempi della macina. Infatti dal faggio che fotto gli occhi di S. M. dal Marchefe Grialdi fe n'è fatto a Caferta, rifulta che un tumulo di olive che richiede mezzora nel molino moderno, nell'antico fi macina in un minuto e mezzo.

Dippiù nella prima meffa quefto sfrantuma foltanto la polpa, e produce per confeguenza l'olio vergine perfettiffimo per l'ufo di cucina, il quale per la cottura del fole in quefto clima non à niente che cedere ai più delicati butiri del Nord, e dopo alcuni anni fi converte in balfamo, come la vecchia fperienza lo dimoftra in Calabria ed in altre parti meridionali del Regno di Napoli. Dopo che l'olive così sfrantumate fono ilate fpremute nello ftrettojo overo trappeto, come coll' antico nome greco chiamafi in quefte provincie, verfandi di nuovo fulla macina; e allora abbaflato, col togliere una cavicchia, l'affe, vengono a eftare ftritelate anche le offa o fiano i nocchi; ma come il fucco eterogeneo di quefti va a mifchiarfi col rimanente olio, quefto rifultando di qualità inferiore farebbe foltanto buono per le fabbriche de faponi, e de' panni; ciò nondimeno роса delicatezza degli operai non ifchiva di ufarlo per condimento.

la

an animal, or worked by a man, must have been contrived to give motion to the fegments. And this feems to have been divided in two, like a fork, and made faft with two braces to the two oppofite ends of the axle.

The advantages of this ancient mill over the modern are many. The per fect coincidence of the concave and convex furfaces of the two spheres prefents an infinitely greater number of points for the trituration of the olives, than the periphery of the millftone, or vertical wheel, touching & plane, as in the modern. The double motion too of rotation round the axis, and circumvolution round the cylinder, like that of the planets, multiplies every inftant the points of attrition, and proportionally fhortens the time of the grinding. In fact, it appears from the trial made before his Majefty, by the Marquis Grimaldi, that a quantity of olives, which the modern mill empoys half an hour, is ground in the ancient in a minute and an half.

The ancient, moreover, in the firk grinding, crufhes only the pulp, and, confequently, produces the moit perfect virgin oil for the ufe of the table, which, from the perfection to which the fun brings the fruit in this climate, does not yield in the leaft to the moit delicate butter of the north, and after fome years, becomes balfam, as experience has long fhewn in Calabria, and other fouthern parts of Naples. A:ter the olives, thus mashed, have been fqueezed in the prefs, or trappers, for fo it is called by the ancient Greek name, in thefe provinces, they are again poured into the mill, and the axle being lowered by removing finall pin, the ftones are also triturated But as the heterogeneous juice of them incorporates with the remaining o it produces a mixture of inferior qua lity, which would be fit only for making foap or manufacturing cloth. The coarfe palates, however, of labourers do not difdain to use it in dreffing their victuals.

The flyle of the original is fo violently inflated and pedantic, that it frequently obfcures the meaning. We have endeavoured to foften it in our tranflation.

3:

IRISH

REPRESENTATION.

A MORE EQUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE IN THE PARLIAMENT OF IRELAND.

Ta meeting of the Provincial Delegates of has united the once distracted inhabitants of this

A County country into an

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of Cork, on the 1st of March, 1783, the tollowing, among many other refolves, were entered into:

Refolved unanimously, That the majority of the reprefentatives in parliament are returned by venal boroughs; that fuch members do not reprefent the tenfe of the people; that the parliament cannot be virtuous until a more equal reprefentation of the people thall be obtained. We, therefore, ftrongly recommend to parliament, to ule the most itrenuous exertion to carry the

above reform into effect.

AT a meeting of Delegates from forty-five corps of the province of Ultter, affembled at Lilburn the rit of July, 1783, in purfuance of a public requifition of the Uliter regiment,

Lieut. Col. SHARMAN in the chair, Refolved unanimoutly, That a general meeting of the Voluntier Delegates of the province of Uliter, on the fubject of a more equal reprefentation of the people in parliament, is hereby earnestly entreated; to be held at Dungannon, on Monday, the eighth day of September next. Refolved unanimoufly, That the following gentlemen (feven to be a quorum) be appointed a committee of correfpondence for communicating with the other corps of the province, for taking preparatory steps to forward the intentions of this meeting, and for collecting the best authorities and information on the fubject of a parliamentary reform, viz.

Lieut. Col. SHARMAN,
Capt. BLACK,

Dr. ALEX. CRAWFORD,
Major BURDEN,

Capt. WAD. CUNNINGHAM,
Rev. Mr. CRAIG,

Dr. SAMUEL MOORE,

Col. RowLEY,

Major John CRAWFORD,

Lieut. Col. BANKS,

Mr. ROBERT THOMPSON,
Capt. THOMAS PRENTICE,

Lieut. TOMB.

Refolved unanimoufly, That the following addrefs be published in the public papers: TO THE VOLUNTIER ARMY OF ΤΗΣ PROVINCE OF ULSTER,

FELLOW CITIZENS,

IN common with every clafs of Irishmen, you are fentible that this kingdom for many centuries might have continued to bear its chains in ignoble and indigent obfcurity, had not an army of its citizens, by a great effort, dared to cult them off.

That the dignified conduct of that army lately reftored to the imperial crown of Ireland its original fplendor, to nobility its ancient privileges, and to the nation at large its inherent rights, as a fovereign independent state-that by inculcating the glorious ipirit of toleration, it LOND. MAG. Dec. 1783.

the moft exalted reverence for the laws are facts that will exhibit a fplendid and interefting figure in the annals of the age.

From a military institution so fingular in its nature as to comprehend the feveral gradations of nobles, commoners, merchants, yeomen, and mechanics, every fubftantial good will be expected by wife and virtuous men.

They will, with honeft pride, behold in the ftate an unparalleled combination of the military with the civil character, exiiting only for the general interests of the community, and prepared, on the pureit principles of the conftitution, to give efficacy to the withes of three millions of people.

The idea of a well-digefted parliamentary reform has ever experienced a favourable reception in the uncorrupted breasts of Irishmen and of Britons.-It has been uniformly looked up to as the true fource of public virtue, and of political falvation, by the fint characters thefe kingdoms have produced. In this age, we have feen it warmly fupported by that confuminate ftatefman, the late EARL of CHATHAM; and revived by the heir to his abilities and name, the prefent WILLIAM PITT. It has received the fanction of the most eminent and honeft men in both Houfes of the British Parliament; of a great number of the moit refpectable fhires in England; of the Voluntier Delegates of the province of Munfter-and, within thefe few days, of the unanimous vote of thirty-eight corps, re viewed at Belfast.

Among the many glorious effects of which more equal reprefentation of the people in par-, liament would be productive, the following are obvious:-The deftruction of that party fpirit, whole banetul influence has at all times been injurious to the public weal-a revival of the native dignity of the crown, by imparting to each branch of the legiflature its diftinct and propor tional weight-and the abolition of that train of courtly mercenaries who mutt ever continue to prey on the vitals of public virtue, till, the ba lance of the conftitution being reftored, the neceffity for governing by regular fyitems of feduction fhall no longer exit.

Then would the conitituent body regain its, conftitutional control over its truftees--and venal majorities would not be found to fupport the most dithonourable and pernicious measures, in oppofition to the fenfe of the unpolluted part of the legislature, as well as contrary to the univerfal withes of the public--and to the true intent of the inftitution of parliaments.

With due deference for the auguft body which we have prefumed to addrefs--we, therefore, beg leave to exprefs our withes that the Voluntier Delegates of Uliter would atlemble with the fame fpirit of loyalty, patriotifin, and firmnefs, which actuated them on the memorable 15th of Fe

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bruary,

bruary, 1782: to deliberate on the most conftitutional means of procuring a more equal reprefentation of the people in the parliament of Ireland-as the only mealure which can give permanency to the late renovation of our conititution, or rettore that virtue to the reprefentative body, without which, though the mere forms of a free government may be preferved, its spirit muit inevitably perith.

Signed, by order of the Meeting,

WM. SHARMAN, Chairman. Lieut. Col Sharman having left the chair, and Lieut. Col. Sir Walter Sinnot taken it,

Refolved, That the thanks of this meeting be given to our worthy chairman, for his very proper conduct in the chair.

BELFAST, July 19, 1783.

At a meeting of the committee of correfpondence, appointed by the reprefentatives of forty-five voluntier corps, that affembled at Lilburn on the Ift init. Prefent, Lieut. Col. Sharman, Major Burden, Captain Cunningham, Captain Prentice, Captain Moore, Captain Crawford, Lieut. Tomb, Mr. Robert Thompfon: Lieut. Col. Sharman in the chair, Ordered, that the following addrefs be published in the public prints, and a copy of it fent to each corps in the province, of which our fecretary can get information.

TO THE VOLUNTIERS OF ULSTER.

GENTLEMEN,

IN compliance with the order of forty-five .corps, which appointed us a committee of correfpondence for the purpofe of promoting a Dungannon Meeting, to be held the 8th of September next: we thinkit neceffary to present a view of the feveral voluntier bodies who have already declared their determination to fupport a parliamentary reform, viz.

The province of Munfter, by an unanimous declaration of their reprefentatives on the ift of March laft

The reprefentatives of thirty-eight corps reviewed at Beltatt, on the 9th of June last, by an unanimous declaration.

The united corps of True Blue and Society Voluntiers of the city of Londonderry-on parade 30th of June, by an unanimous declaration.

The Londonderry Artillery Company, the Londonderry Independent Voluntiers, and Liberty Voluntiers-on parade the 1ft of July, by an unanimous declaration.

The reprefentatives of forty-five corps convened at Lifburn the rit of July infant-by an ananimous declaration.

The reprefentatives of thirty-four corps reviewed at Broughihane, on the ioth inft.-by an unanimous declaration.

It appears to us, that the idea of a pardiamentary reform has already received the fanétion of fifteen thousand voluntiers; with a warm promite of fupport from the great patron of Irith liberty-the Earl of Charlemont-and has received, in a very thort time, the general approbation of all ranks and denominations of independent freeholders.

Having given this information, it only remains at prefent to allure you, that we are diligently applying ourselves to the difcharge of the trutt Loled in ur; and earnestly to request, that every

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I Have been honoured with a letter from Beifalt, dated the 19th of July last, written in the name of the Committee of Correfpondense appointed by the Delegates of forty-five voluntier corps affembled at Liiburn on the Ift of the fame month," for taking preparatory steps to forward their intentions on the fubject of a more equal reprefentation of the people in parliament," d figned by their fecretary, Henry Joy, jun. Ely

In this letter, after thowing the corrupt flate of the boroughs in Ireland, the general opinion of the people, that the constitution can be restored to its ancient purity and vigour by no other means than a parliamentary reform, and isforming me of the fteps which have been taken, and are taking by the voluntiers, in determining to procure this defireable object, the committee is pleafed to "requeft my fentiments and advice as to the best, moit eligible, and molt practicable mode of destroying, reftraining, or counteracting this hydra of corruption, borough influence, order to lay my opinion before the Provincial Aflembly of Delegates, which is to be held at Dungannon, on the 8th of September next."

This great mark of contidence, from gentlemen in whom fo much truft is placed, does me great honour; for as I have not the pleafure of being perionally known to any of them, I can owe it but to the favourable opinior they are pleated to entertain of my conftant and zealous endeavours in the public fervice.

I am fentible that the only proper return I can make for this honourable distinction, is to obey their commands in the bett manner I am able; for although my infufficiency for fo arduous a talk would afford me but too good an excule for declining it, yet I feel it would be inconsistent with my ideas of the obligation every man under to ferve the public as well as he can, if I was to retufe giving my opinions, fuch as they are, when thus called upon by a refpectabl body of gentlemen.

Befides my inability, I have to regret the want of time to collect and arrange my thoughts is fuch a manner as to be fit to appear before you, and the neceffary limits of a letter, which will not admit of the extentive investigation which a fubject of this vaft importance deferves; tor although I fear I must be long, I am fensible I cannot do it justice.

The fubject of a parliamentary reform is that, which of all others, in my opinion, mort deferves the attention of the public, as I conceive it would include every other advantage which a nation can with; and I have no heitauon in faying, that hom every conhderation which i

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