Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global WarmingBloomsbury Publishing USA, 3. 6. 2010 - 368 strán (strany) The U.S. scientific community has long led the world in research on such areas as public health, environmental science, and issues affecting quality of life. Our scientists have produced landmark studies on the dangers of DDT, tobacco smoke, acid rain, and global warming. But at the same time, a small yet potent subset of this community leads the world in vehement denial of these dangers. Merchants of Doubt tells the story of how a loose-knit group of high-level scientists and scientific advisers, with deep connections in politics and industry, ran effective campaigns to mislead the public and deny well-established scientific knowledge over four decades. Remarkably, the same individuals surface repeatedly-some of the same figures who have claimed that the science of global warming is "not settled" denied the truth of studies linking smoking to lung cancer, coal smoke to acid rain, and CFCs to the ozone hole. "Doubt is our product," wrote one tobacco executive. These "experts" supplied it. Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, historians of science, roll back the rug on this dark corner of the American scientific community, showing how ideology and corporate interests, aided by a too-compliant media, have skewed public understanding of some of the most pressing issues of our era. |
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Strana 20
... health authorities across the country. In 1962, when U.S. Surgeon General Luther L. Terry established an Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, the tobacco industry made nominations, submitted information, and ensured that Dr. Little ...
... health authorities across the country. In 1962, when U.S. Surgeon General Luther L. Terry established an Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, the tobacco industry made nominations, submitted information, and ensured that Dr. Little ...
Strana 21
... Health Service had concluded that smoking was “the principal etiological factor in the increased incidence of lung ... health,” implicitly acknowledging health concerns.59 In the early 1960s, Brown and Williamson's in-house scientists ...
... Health Service had concluded that smoking was “the principal etiological factor in the increased incidence of lung ... health,” implicitly acknowledging health concerns.59 In the early 1960s, Brown and Williamson's in-house scientists ...
Strana 22
... health research, and not to “industry technical or commercial studies.”65 They “refined” the approval and review process for grants, intensifying their search for “experts” who would af- firm their views. Given the evidence produced in ...
... health research, and not to “industry technical or commercial studies.”65 They “refined” the approval and review process for grants, intensifying their search for “experts” who would af- firm their views. Given the evidence produced in ...
Strana 23
... health has convinced us of the need for more permanent organizational machinery,” one press release concluded. The industry had already given more than $7 million in research funds to 155 scientists at more than one hundred American ...
... health has convinced us of the need for more permanent organizational machinery,” one press release concluded. The industry had already given more than $7 million in research funds to 155 scientists at more than one hundred American ...
Strana 24
... health impairment were filed against the tobacco industry between 1954 and 1979, only nine went to trial, and none were settled in favor of the plaintiffs.81 Still, industry lawyers were increasingly concerned, in part because their ...
... health impairment were filed against the tobacco industry between 1954 and 1979, only nine went to trial, and none were settled in favor of the plaintiffs.81 Still, industry lawyers were increasingly concerned, in part because their ...
Obsah
1 | |
36 | |
Acid Rain | 66 |
Whats Bad Science? Who Decides? | 136 |
The Denial of Global Warming | 169 |
The Revisionist | 216 |
Acknowledgments | 275 |
Index | 345 |
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acid rain American argued argument Assessment Atmospheric attack Bad Science Bill Nierenberg Carbon Dioxide cause CFCs chapter chlorine Cigarette claims Climate Change colleagues Committee debate defense Earth’s effects emissions Environment Environmental environmentalists experts Fred Singer Frederick Seitz free market George H. W. Bush Glantz global warming Health Heartland Institute human Ibid impact insisted IPCC issue Legacy Tobacco Documents letter Lomborg lung cancer Marshall Institute ment Naomi Oreskes National Academy nuclear winter ozone depletion ozone hole panel percent pesticides Philip Morris physicists Policy political pollution president President’s problem Protection published R. J. Reynolds Reagan regulation Revelle risk Robert Jastrow Santer scientists secondhand smoke Silent Spring SIO Archives skeptics Soviet stratosphere tion Tobacco Documents Library tobacco industry U.S. Government University Press Wall Street Journal WAN papers Washington White House William Nierenberg World York