Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global WarmingBloomsbury Publishing USA, 3. 6. 2010 - 368 strán (strany) The U.S. scientific community has long led the world in research on such areas as public health, environmental science, and issues affecting quality of life. Our scientists have produced landmark studies on the dangers of DDT, tobacco smoke, acid rain, and global warming. But at the same time, a small yet potent subset of this community leads the world in vehement denial of these dangers. Merchants of Doubt tells the story of how a loose-knit group of high-level scientists and scientific advisers, with deep connections in politics and industry, ran effective campaigns to mislead the public and deny well-established scientific knowledge over four decades. Remarkably, the same individuals surface repeatedly-some of the same figures who have claimed that the science of global warming is "not settled" denied the truth of studies linking smoking to lung cancer, coal smoke to acid rain, and CFCs to the ozone hole. "Doubt is our product," wrote one tobacco executive. These "experts" supplied it. Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, historians of science, roll back the rug on this dark corner of the American scientific community, showing how ideology and corporate interests, aided by a too-compliant media, have skewed public understanding of some of the most pressing issues of our era. |
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Strana 14
... tobacco company in lawsuits claiming that smoking causes lung cancer or cardiovascular illness—even though one ... industry, even though scientists had been certain of the tobacco-cancer link since the 1950s (and many had been convinced ...
... tobacco company in lawsuits claiming that smoking causes lung cancer or cardiovascular illness—even though one ... industry, even though scientists had been certain of the tobacco-cancer link since the 1950s (and many had been convinced ...
Strana 15
... tobacco industry would embrace. The tobacco industry was thrown into panic. One industry memo noted that their salesmen were “frantically alarmed.”23 So industry executives made a fateful decision, one that would later become the basis ...
... tobacco industry would embrace. The tobacco industry was thrown into panic. One industry memo noted that their salesmen were “frantically alarmed.”23 So industry executives made a fateful decision, one that would later become the basis ...
Strana 16
... Tobacco Industry Research Committee” to challenge the mounting scientific evidence of the harms of tobacco. They funded alternative research to cast doubt on the tobacco-cancer link.31 They conducted polls to gauge public opinion and ...
... Tobacco Industry Research Committee” to challenge the mounting scientific evidence of the harms of tobacco. They funded alternative research to cast doubt on the tobacco-cancer link.31 They conducted polls to gauge public opinion and ...
Strana 17
... tobacco industry hired Little to head the Tobacco Industry Research Committee and spearhead the effort to foster the impression of debate, primarily by promoting the work of scientists whose views might be useful to the industry. One of ...
... tobacco industry hired Little to head the Tobacco Industry Research Committee and spearhead the effort to foster the impression of debate, primarily by promoting the work of scientists whose views might be useful to the industry. One of ...
Strana 18
... industry made its case in part by cherry-picking data and focusing on unexplained or anomalous details. No one in 1954 would have claimed that everything that needed to be known about smoking and cancer was known, and the industry ...
... industry made its case in part by cherry-picking data and focusing on unexplained or anomalous details. No one in 1954 would have claimed that everything that needed to be known about smoking and cancer was known, and the industry ...
Obsah
1 | |
36 | |
Acid Rain | 66 |
Whats Bad Science? Who Decides? | 136 |
The Denial of Global Warming | 169 |
The Revisionist | 216 |
Acknowledgments | 275 |
Index | 345 |
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acid rain American argued argument Assessment Atmospheric attack Bad Science Bill Nierenberg Carbon Dioxide cause CFCs chapter chlorine Cigarette claims Climate Change colleagues Committee debate defense Earth’s effects emissions Environment Environmental environmentalists experts Fred Singer Frederick Seitz free market George H. W. Bush Glantz global warming Health Heartland Institute human Ibid impact insisted IPCC issue Legacy Tobacco Documents letter Lomborg lung cancer Marshall Institute ment Naomi Oreskes National Academy nuclear winter ozone depletion ozone hole panel percent pesticides Philip Morris physicists Policy political pollution president President’s problem Protection published R. J. Reynolds Reagan regulation Revelle risk Robert Jastrow Santer scientists secondhand smoke Silent Spring SIO Archives skeptics Soviet stratosphere tion Tobacco Documents Library tobacco industry U.S. Government University Press Wall Street Journal WAN papers Washington White House William Nierenberg World York